Photovoltaic research and development in EU new member and candidate states

This paper presents the state of the art of photovoltaics in the new member and candidate states of the European Union, namely, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, the Slovak Republic, and Slovenia. A brief survey of the research, including its organization and potentials, and the development, industry, markets, demonstration installations, education, policies, support mechanisms, barriers, challenges, and needs is given.