Axonal components of nerves innervating the human arm

Axons traveling within the brachial plexus are responsible for the dexterous control of human arm and hand movements. Despite comprehensive knowledge on the topographical anatomy of nerves innervating the human upper limbs, the definite quantity of sensory and motor axons within this neural network remains elusive. Our aim was to perform a quantitative analysis of the axonal components of human upper limb nerves based on highly specific molecular features from spinal cord level to the terminal nerves at wrist level.

[1]  D. P. Lloyd,et al.  Afferent fibers in muscle nerves. , 1948, Journal of neurophysiology.

[2]  E. Moberg The role of cutaneous afferents in position sense, kinaesthesia, and motor function of the hand. , 1983, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[3]  Dario Farina,et al.  The effective neural drive to muscles is the common synaptic input to motor neurons , 2014, The Journal of physiology.

[4]  C J De Luca,et al.  Synchronization of motor-unit firings in several human muscles. , 1993, Journal of neurophysiology.

[5]  W. Hoetzenecker,et al.  Molecular characteristics suggest an effector function of palisade endings in extraocular muscles. , 2005, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[6]  R. Enoka,et al.  Motor unit physiology: Some unresolved issues , 2001, Muscle & nerve.

[7]  M. Neumann,et al.  Simple Method for Reduction of Autofluorescence in Fluorescence Microscopy , 2002, The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society.

[8]  R. Tubbs,et al.  The prefixed and postfixed brachial plexus: a review with surgical implications , 2010, Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy.

[9]  Zoubin Ghahramani,et al.  Computational principles of movement neuroscience , 2000, Nature Neuroscience.

[10]  Charles E. Ingbert An enumeration of the medullated nerve fibers in the dorsal roots of the spinal nerves of man , 1903 .

[11]  S. Scott Optimal feedback control and the neural basis of volitional motor control , 2004, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[12]  S. Sunderland,et al.  [The branching of nerve fibers]. , 1953, Acta anatomica.

[13]  F. Bonnel,et al.  Microscopic anatomy of the adult human brachial plexus: An anatomical and histological basis for microsurgery , 1984, Microsurgery.

[14]  Daniel Wilson HAND AND BRAIN , 2012 .

[15]  S. Sunderland,et al.  THE BRANCHING OF NERVE FIBRES , 1953 .

[16]  A. McComas,et al.  Electrical signs of nervous activity , 1971 .

[17]  R. Dickson Nerve repair. , 1978, British journal of hospital medicine.

[18]  E. Sedgwick,et al.  The perceptions of force and of movement in a man without large myelinated sensory afferents below the neck. , 1992, The Journal of physiology.

[19]  P K Thomas,et al.  Nerves and Nerve Injuries , 1969 .

[20]  W. Harris The True Form of the Brachial Plexus, and its Motor Distribution. , 1904, Journal of anatomy and physiology.

[21]  H. Gruber,et al.  Acetylcholinesterase: histochemical differentiation between motor and sensory nerve fibres. , 1973, Brain research.

[22]  Marco Santello,et al.  Synergistic Control of Hand Muscles Through Common Neural Input , 2014, The Human Hand as an Inspiration for Robot Hand Development.

[23]  M. Tiemann,et al.  Signal amplification in immunohistochemistry: loose-jointed deformable heteropolymeric HRP conjugates vs. linear polymer backbone HRP conjugates. , 2013, Acta histochemica.

[24]  S. Mackinnon,et al.  A technique for maximizing biceps recovery in brachial plexus reconstruction. , 1993, The Journal of hand surgery.

[25]  J. E. Vaughn,et al.  Organization and morphological characteristics of cholonergic neurons: an immunocytochemical study with a monoclonal antibody to choline acetyltransferase , 1983, Brain Research.

[26]  T. Kuiken,et al.  Targeted Reinnervation for Transhumeral Amputees: Current Surgical Technique and Update on Results , 2009, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[27]  W. Zenker,et al.  [Fiber analysis of human ventral and dorsal roots on the basis of different acetylcholinesterase activity]. , 1979, Acta anatomica.

[28]  A. T. Kerr The brachial plexus of nerves in man, the variations in its formation and branches , 1918 .

[29]  P. Hof,et al.  Cholinergic innervation of the frontal cortex: Differences among humans, chimpanzees, and macaque monkeys , 2008, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[30]  B. Rexed,et al.  Calibre spectra of motor and sensory nerve fibres to flexor and extensor muscles. , 1948, Journal of neurophysiology.

[31]  C. Sherrington,et al.  Numbers and Contraction-Values of Individual Motor-Units Examined in some Muscles of the Limb , 1930 .

[32]  K. Mittal,et al.  Age-related reduction in 8th cervical ventral nerve root myelinated fiber diameters and numbers in man. , 1987, Journal of gerontology.

[33]  P. May,et al.  Axons Giving Rise to the Palisade Endings of Feline Extraocular Muscles Display Motor Features , 2013, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[34]  J. Andrew Pruszynski,et al.  Primary motor cortex underlies multi-joint integration for fast feedback control , 2011, Nature.

[35]  S SUNDERLAND,et al.  The intraneural topography of the radial, median and ulnar nerves. , 1945, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[36]  C. Sherrington On the Anatomical Constitution of Nerves of Skeletal Muscles; with Remarks on Recurrent Fibres in the Ventral Spinal Nerve‐root , 1894, The Journal of physiology.

[37]  S. Leechavengvongs,et al.  Nerve transfer to deltoid muscle using the nerve to the long head of the triceps, part I: an anatomic feasibility study. , 2003, Journal of Hand Surgery-American Volume.

[38]  R. Friede,et al.  Axon caliber related to neurofilaments and microtubules in sciatic nerve fibers of rats and mice , 1970, The Anatomical record.

[39]  B. Feinstein,et al.  Morphologic studies of motor units in normal human muscles. , 1955, Acta anatomica.

[40]  W. Penfield,et al.  SOMATIC MOTOR AND SENSORY REPRESENTATION IN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX OF MAN AS STUDIED BY ELECTRICAL STIMULATION , 1937 .

[41]  S. Wray Innervation ratios for large and small limb muscles in the baboon , 1969, The Journal of comparative neurology.