Chronic Spinal Pain: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Department of Spinal Surgery, e ird Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, e University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia Interventional Spine and Musculoskeletal Care, Virginia iSpine Physicians, PC Virginia Spine Research Institute, Inc., Richmond, VA, USA Pain Department, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China