Genes other than BRCA1 and BRCA2 involved in breast cancer susceptibility

This review focuses on genes other than the high penetrance genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 that are involved in breast cancer susceptibility. The goal of this review is the discovery of polymorphisms that are either associated with breast cancer or that are in strong linkage disequilibrium with breast cancer causing variants. An association with breast cancer at a 5% significance level was found for 13 polymorphisms in 10 genes described in more than one breast cancer study. Our data will help focus on the further analysis of genetic polymorphisms in populations of appropriate size, and especially on the combinations of such polymorphisms. This will facilitate determination of population attributable risks, understanding of gene-gene interactions, and improving estimates of genetic cancer risks.

[1]  M. Swift,et al.  Cancers in 44 families with ataxia-telangiectasia. , 1990, Cancer genetics and cytogenetics.

[2]  B. Ponder,et al.  A Systematic Review Of Genetic Polymorphisms and Breast Cancer Risk 1 , 2000 .

[3]  X. Shu,et al.  Genetic polymorphism of cytochrome P450-1B1 and risk of breast cancer. , 2000, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[4]  E. Imyanitov,et al.  L‐myc polymorphism in cancer patients, healthy blood donors and elderly, tumor‐free individuals in Russia , 2000, International journal of cancer.

[5]  M. Tada,et al.  Somatic mutations of the APC gene in primary breast cancers. , 2000, The American journal of pathology.

[6]  T. Rebbeck.  Inherited genetic predisposition in breast cancer , 1999, Cancer.

[7]  R. Weinberg,et al.  The neu oncogene: an erb-B-related gene encoding a 185,000-Mr tumour antigen , 1984, Nature.

[8]  Chen-Yang Shen,et al.  Breast cancer risk associated with genotype polymorphism of the estrogen-metabolizing genes CYP17, CYP1A1, and COMT: a multigenic study on cancer susceptibility. , 1999, Cancer research.

[9]  J L Kelsey,et al.  Reproductive factors and breast cancer. , 1993, Epidemiologic reviews.

[10]  N. Risch,et al.  Autosomal dominant inheritance of early‐onset breast cancer. Implications for risk prediction , 1994 .

[11]  M. Greene,et al.  Genetics of breast cancer. , 1997, Mayo Clinic proceedings.

[12]  K. Isselbacher,et al.  Prevalence of germline truncating mutations in ATM in women with a second breast cancer after radiation therapy for a contralateral tumor , 2000, Genes, chromosomes & cancer.

[13]  C. Jara,et al.  Hepatic acetylator polymorphism in breast cancer patients. , 1987, Oncology.

[14]  B. Emanuel,et al.  Report of the committee on the genetic constitution of chromosome 22. , 1988, Cytogenetics and cell genetics.

[15]  C. Guillemette,et al.  Characterization and regulation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases in steroid target tissues 1 1 Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium of the Journal of Steroid Biochemistry & Molecular Biology “Recent Advances in Steroid Biochemistry & Molecular Biology” Monaco, 25–28 May 1997. , 1998, The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.

[16]  E. Bowman,et al.  Apolipoprotein E genetic polymorphism, serum lipoproteins, and breast cancer risk , 2000, Molecular carcinogenesis.

[17]  N. Roodi,et al.  Cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) pharmacogenetics: association of polymorphisms with functional differences in estrogen hydroxylation activity. , 2000, Cancer research.

[18]  G. Giles,et al.  Estrogen receptor polymorphism at codon 325 and risk of breast cancer in women before age forty. , 1998, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[19]  G. Merlo,et al.  Mutations in the p53 gene in primary human breast cancers. , 1991, Cancer research.

[20]  P. Routledge,et al.  Drug acetylation in breast cancer. , 1989, British Journal of Cancer.

[21]  S. Seal,et al.  Localization of a breast cancer susceptibility gene, BRCA2, to chromosome 13q12-13. , 1994, Science.

[22]  N. Roodi,et al.  Breast cancer and CYPIA1, GSTM1, and GSTT1 polymorphisms: evidence of a lack of association in Caucasians and African Americans. , 1998, Cancer research.

[23]  C. M. Steel,et al.  Partial deletion of chromosome 11p in breast cancer correlates with size of primary tumour and oestrogen receptor level. , 1988, British Journal of Cancer.

[24]  C. Marsden,et al.  Catechol-O-methyl transferase: pharmacological aspects and physiological role. , 1975, Pharmacological reviews.

[25]  Yusuke Nakamura,et al.  Infrequent Mutations in the PTEN/MMAC1 Gene among Primary Breast Cancers , 1998, Japanese journal of cancer research : Gann.

[26]  D J Schaid,et al.  Increased Risk for Cancer in Patients with the Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome , 1998, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[27]  M. Eguchi,et al.  Defective control of apoptosis and mitotic spindle checkpoint in heterozygous carriers of ATM mutations. , 1999, Cancer research.

[28]  C. Harris,et al.  Mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene: clues to cancer etiology and molecular pathogenesis. , 1994, Cancer research.

[29]  E. Mariman,et al.  Characteristics of small breast and/or ovarian cancer families with germline mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 , 1999, British Journal of Cancer.

[30]  G. Coetzee,et al.  Vitamin D receptor genotype and breast cancer in Latinas (United States) , 2004, Cancer Causes & Control.

[31]  F. Mitelman,et al.  Nineteen of 26 cellular oncogenes precisely localized in the human genome map to one of the 83 bands involved in primary cancer-specific rearrangements , 1987, Human Genetics.

[32]  D. W. Johnson,et al.  Assignment of human transforming growth factor-beta type I and type III receptor genes (TGFBR1 and TGFBR3) to 9q33-q34 and 1p32-p33, respectively. , 1995, Genomics.

[33]  J. Boyle,et al.  Localization of the estrogen receptor locus (ESR) to chromosome 6q25.1 by FISH and a simple post-FISH banding technique. , 1993, Genomics.

[34]  K. Nakachi,et al.  Germ line polymorphisms of p53 and CYP1A1 genes involved in human lung cancer. , 1993, Carcinogenesis.

[35]  I. Campbell,et al.  TP53 intron 6 polymorphism and the risk of ovarian and breast cancer. , 1998, British Journal of Cancer.

[36]  R. Winqvist,et al.  The human catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene maps to band q11.2 of chromosome 22 and shows a frequent RFLP with BglI. , 1992, Cytogenetics and cell genetics.

[37]  K. Kurian,et al.  © 1999 Cancer Research Campaign Article no. bjoc.1999.0663 Short Communication , 2022 .

[38]  R. Lidereau,et al.  High frequency of rare alleles of the human c-Ha-ras-1 proto-oncogene in breast cancer patients. , 1986, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[39]  N. Roodi,et al.  Estrogen receptor gene analysis in estrogen receptor-positive and receptor-negative primary breast cancer. , 1995, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[40]  F. Couch,et al.  Polymorphisms in PTEN in breast cancer families , 1999, Journal of medical genetics.

[41]  D. Bell,et al.  Association between glutathione S-transferase M1, P1, and T1 genetic polymorphisms and development of breast cancer. , 1998, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[42]  B. Ponder,et al.  No association between androgen or vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and risk of breast cancer. , 1999, Carcinogenesis.

[43]  W. Willett,et al.  A tetranucleotide repeat polymorphism in CYP19 and breast cancer risk , 2000, International journal of cancer.

[44]  K. Ishizaki,et al.  Correlation of L-myc genotypes to metastasis of gastric cancer and breast cancer. , 1990, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[45]  Baljit Singh,et al.  Sporadic breast cancers exhibit loss of heterozygosity on chromosome segment 10q23 close to the Cowden disease locus , 1998, Genes, chromosomes & cancer.

[46]  D. Lane,et al.  The p53 tumour suppressor gene , 1998, The British journal of surgery.

[47]  D. Eccles,et al.  p53 polymorphism in ovarian and breast cancer , 1996, The Lancet.

[48]  A. Kimchi,et al.  Wild-type p53 induces apoptosis of myeloid leukaemic cells that is inhibited by interleukin-6 , 1991, Nature.

[49]  D. James,et al.  HL-A and carcinoma of the breast. , 1973, Lancet.

[50]  M. Wigler,et al.  Isolation and preliminary characterization of a human transforming gene from T24 bladder carcinoma cells , 1982, Nature.

[51]  B. Emanuel,et al.  Chromosomal mapping of the human catechol-O-methyltransferase gene to 22q11.1----q11.2. , 1992, Genomics.

[52]  B. Ponder,et al.  Human familial and sporadic breast cancer: analysis of the coding regions of the 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 gene (EDH17B2) using a single-strand conformation polymorphism assay , 1994, Human Genetics.

[53]  C. Jefcoate,et al.  Characterization of CYP1B1 and CYP1A1 expression in human mammary epithelial cells: role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolism. , 1998, Cancer research.

[54]  J. Benítez,et al.  CYP2D6 genotypes in Spanish women with breast cancer. , 1996, Cancer letters.

[55]  R. Millikan,et al.  Cigarette smoking, N-acetyltransferases 1 and 2, and breast cancer risk. , 1998, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[56]  L. Pickle,et al.  Relationship of CYP2D6 (debrisoquine hydroxylase) genotype to breast cancer susceptibility. , 1993, Pharmacogenetics.

[57]  W. Pearson,et al.  Identification of class-mu glutathione transferase genes GSTM1-GSTM5 on human chromosome 1p13. , 1993, American journal of human genetics.

[58]  V. Chen,et al.  Racial disparity in the association of p53 gene alterations with breast cancer survival. , 1995, Cancer research.

[59]  J. Freudenheim,et al.  Genetic polymorphisms in catechol-O-methyltransferase, menopausal status, and breast cancer risk. , 1998, Cancer research.

[60]  R. Lea,et al.  Association of a vitamin D receptor polymorphism with sporadic breast cancer development , 1999, International journal of cancer.

[61]  D. Easton.  Cancer risks in A-T heterozygotes. , 1994, International journal of radiation biology.

[62]  F. Arwert,et al.  The Cowden syndrome: a clinical and genetic study in 21 patients , 1986, Clinical genetics.

[63]  W. Recant,et al.  Loss of heterozygosity from the short arm of chromosome 8 is an early event in breast cancers , 1995, Genes, chromosomes & cancer.

[64]  O. Ilhan,et al.  Polymorphic N‐acetylation capacity in breast cancer patients , 1990, International journal of cancer.

[65]  D. Grant,et al.  Identification and characterization of variant alleles of human acetyltransferase NAT1 with defective function using p-aminosalicylate as an in-vivo and in-vitro probe. , 1998, Pharmacogenetics.

[66]  W. Willett,et al.  Glutathione S-transferase mu and theta polymorphisms and breast cancer susceptibility. , 1999, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[67]  D. Birnbaum,et al.  Genome-wide search for loss of heterozygosity shows extensive genetic diversity of human breast carcinomas. , 1997, Cancer research.

[68]  B. Henderson,et al.  Estrogens and breast cancer. , 1996, Carcinogenesis.

[69]  S. Coughlin,et al.  Genetic polymorphisms and risk of breast cancer. , 1999, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[70]  J. Ott,et al.  The role of MMAC1 mutations in early-onset breast cancer: causative in association with Cowden syndrome and excluded in BRCA1-negative cases. , 1997, American journal of human genetics.

[71]  J. Manson,et al.  Glutathione S-transferase class mu deletion polymorphism and breast cancer: results from prevalent versus incident cases. , 1997, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[72]  C. Eng.  Genetics of Cowden syndrome: through the looking glass of oncology. , 1998, International journal of oncology.

[73]  Chen-Yang Shen,et al.  Cytochrome P4501A1 polymorphism as a susceptibility factor for breast cancer in postmenopausal Chinese women in Taiwan , 1999, British Journal of Cancer.

[74]  D. Bell,et al.  Role of aromatic amine acetyltransferases, NAT1 and NAT2, in carcinogen-DNA adduct formation in the human urinary bladder. , 1995, Cancer research.

[75]  R. Millikan,et al.  Genetic polymorphisms in uridine diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 and association with breast cancer among African Americans. , 2000, Cancer research.

[76]  M. C. Ellis,et al.  A novel MHC class I–like gene is mutated in patients with hereditary haemochromatosis , 1996, Nature Genetics.

[77]  D. Noh,et al.  Alcohol consumption, glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 genetic polymorphisms and breast cancer risk. , 2000, Pharmacogenetics.

[78]  D. Parkin,et al.  Epidemiology of cancer: global patterns and trends. , 1998, Toxicology letters.

[79]  J. Klijn,et al.  ATM-heterozygous germline mutations contribute to breast cancer-susceptibility. , 2000, American journal of human genetics.

[80]  N K Spurr,et al.  Relationship between the GSTM1 genetic polymorphism and susceptibility to bladder, breast and colon cancer. , 1993, Carcinogenesis.

[81]  N. Walworth,et al.  Effect of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on the morphologic and biochemical differentiation of cultured human epidermal keratinocytes grown in serum-free conditions. , 1986, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[82]  C. Croce,et al.  ATM mutations in cancer families. , 1996, Cancer research.

[83]  K. Buetow,et al.  Defining etiologic heterogeneity in breast cancer using genetic biomarkers. , 1997, Progress in clinical and biological research.

[84]  L. Begg,et al.  Endogenous sex hormone levels and breast cancer risk , 1987, Genetic epidemiology.

[85]  N. Roodi,et al.  Association of cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) polymorphism with steroid receptor status in breast cancer. , 1998, Cancer research.

[86]  D. Bell,et al.  Polymorphism in the N-acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1) polyadenylation signal: association of NAT1*10 allele with higher N-acetylation activity in bladder and colon tissue. , 1995, Cancer research.

[87]  F. Couch,et al.  Genetic heterogeneity in hereditary breast cancer: role of BRCA1 and BRCA2. , 1996, American journal of human genetics.

[88]  Y. Nakamura,et al.  Localization of a tumor suppressor gene associated with the progression of human breast carcinoma within a 1‐cm interval of 8p22–p23.1 , 1999, Cancer.

[89]  T. Rebbeck,et al.  p53 germline polymorphisms are associated with an increased risk for breast cancer in German women. , 1998, Anticancer research.

[90]  M. Swift,et al.  Breast and other cancers in families with ataxia-telangiectasia. , 1987, The New England journal of medicine.

[91]  K. Grzeschik,et al.  The gene for 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase maps to human chromosome 17, bands q12–q21, and shows an RFLP with ScaI , 1990, Human Genetics.

[92]  C Eng,et al.  Mutation spectrum and genotype-phenotype analyses in Cowden disease and Bannayan-Zonana syndrome, two hamartoma syndromes with germline PTEN mutation. , 1998, Human molecular genetics.

[93]  K. Buetow,et al.  Genetics of CYP1A1: coamplification of specific alleles by polymerase chain reaction and association with breast cancer. , 1994, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[94]  J. Boyd,et al.  Mutation analysis of the putative tumor suppressor gene PTEN/MMAC1 in primary breast carcinomas. , 1997, Cancer research.

[95]  J. Voltas,et al.  Breast cancer and histocompatibility antigens. , 1979, Allergologia et immunopathologia.

[96]  O. Gotoh,et al.  Arginine-cysteine polymorphism at codon 264 of the human CYP19 gene does not affect aromatase activity. , 1997, Pharmacogenetics.

[97]  E. Beutler,et al.  Racial variability in the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1 (UGT1A1) promoter: a balanced polymorphism for regulation of bilirubin metabolism? , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[98]  H. Ostrer,et al.  TβR-I(6A) Is a Candidate Tumor Susceptibility Allele , 1999 .

[99]  K. Isselbacher,et al.  Heterozygous ATM mutations do not contribute to early onset of breast cancer , 1997, Nature Genetics.

[100]  A. Lindblom,et al.  A study of the PTEN/MMAC1 gene in 136 breast cancer families. , 1998, Human genetics.

[101]  B. Ketterer.  Protective role of glutathione and glutathione transferases in mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. , 1988, Mutation research.

[102]  A. Lindblom,et al.  Germline mutation screening of the STK11/LKB1 gene in familial breast cancer with LOH on 19p , 2000, Clinical genetics.

[103]  A. Meindl,et al.  Exclusion of a major role for the PTEN tumour-suppressor gene in breast carcinomas , 1999, British Journal of Cancer.

[104]  A. Børresen-Dale,et al.  Chromosome region 8p11‐p21: Refined mapping and molecular alterations in breast cancer , 1998, Genes, chromosomes & cancer.

[105]  V. Kosma,et al.  Steroid metabolism gene CYP17 polymorphism and the development of breast cancer. , 2000, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[106]  R. Vessella,et al.  Inactivation of the tumor suppressor PTEN/MMAC1 in advanced human prostate cancer through loss of expression. , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[107]  Q. Ayub,et al.  P53 mutations, polymorphisms, and haplotypes in Pakistani ethnic groups and breast cancer patients. , 2000, Genetic testing.

[108]  B. Beutler,et al.  The biology of cachectin/TNF--a primary mediator of the host response. , 1989, Annual review of immunology.

[109]  T. Inamoto,et al.  Increased frequency of specific alleles of the c-Ha-ras gene in Japanese cancer patients , 1988, Human Genetics.

[110]  W. McGuire,et al.  Estrogen receptor expression in human breast cancer associated with an estrogen receptor gene restriction fragment length polymorphism. , 1989, Cancer research.

[111]  V. Rotter,et al.  A novel polymorphism in intron 6 of the human p53 gene: a possible association with cancer predisposition and susceptibility. , 1995, DNA and cell biology.

[112]  W. Willett,et al.  The relationship between a polymorphism in CYP17 with plasma hormone levels and breast cancer. , 1999, Cancer research.

[113]  Gillian Smith,et al.  Metabolic polymorphisms and cancer susceptibility. , 1995, Cancer surveys.

[114]  E. Garrett,et al.  Ovarian carcinoma-associated TaqI restriction fragment length polymorphism in intron G of the progesterone receptor gene is due to an Alu sequence insertion. , 1995, Cancer research.

[115]  D Morrell,et al.  Incidence of cancer in 161 families affected by ataxia-telangiectasia. , 1991, The New England journal of medicine.

[116]  D. Bernstein,et al.  Ethnic distribution of the glutathione transferase Mu 1-1 (GSTM1) null genotype in 1473 individuals and application to bladder cancer susceptibility. , 1994, Carcinogenesis.

[117]  N. Probst-Hensch,et al.  Aromatase and breast cancer susceptibility. , 1999, Endocrine-related cancer.

[118]  M. Stratton,et al.  A serine/threonine kinase gene defective in Peutz–Jeghers syndrome , 1998, Nature.

[119]  J. Nezu,et al.  Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is caused by mutations in a novel serine threonine kinase. , 1998, Nature genetics.

[120]  J. Benítez,et al.  Genetic analysis of the arylamine N-acetyltransferase polymorphism in breast cancer patients. , 1995, Oncology.

[121]  A. Aurias,et al.  Breast cancer risk in ataxia telangiectasia (AT) heterozygotes: haplotype study in French AT families , 1999, British Journal of Cancer.

[122]  B. Hulka,et al.  HRAS protooncogene polymorphism and breast cancer. , 1993, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[123]  E. Topić,et al.  The cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) gene polymorphism among breast and head and neck cancer patients. , 2000, Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry.

[124]  D. Malkin,et al.  Germline p53 mutations and heritable cancer. , 1994, Annual review of genetics.

[125]  R. Allen.  Polymorphism of the human TNF-alpha promoter--random variation or functional diversity? , 1999, Molecular immunology.

[126]  R. Bruskiewich,et al.  A 2.8 megabase YAC contig spanning D8S339, which is tightly linked to the Werner syndrome locus. , 1997, Genome.

[127]  A. Folsom,et al.  N-Acetyltransferase-2 genetic polymorphism, well-done meat intake, and breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women. , 2000, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[128]  A. Hall,et al.  Cancer in homozygotes and heterozygotes of ataxia-telangiectasia and xeroderma pigmentosum in Britain. , 1988, Cancer research.

[129]  D W Nebert,et al.  The UDP glycosyltransferase gene superfamily: recommended nomenclature update based on evolutionary divergence. , 1997, Pharmacogenetics.

[130]  A. Lindblom,et al.  The role of ataxia-telangiectasia heterozygotes in familial breast cancer. , 1998, Cancer research.

[131]  J. Deneufbourg,et al.  Positive correlation between breast cancer incidence and HLA antigens. , 1979, Oncology.

[132]  R. Allen.  Polymorphism of the human TNF-α promoter — random variation or functional diversity? , 1999 .

[133]  A. Børresen-Dale,et al.  Single tube multiplex polymerase chain reaction genotype analysis of GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1: relation of genotypes to TP53 tumor status and clinicopathological variables in breast cancer patients. , 1998, Pharmacogenetics.

[134]  E. Taioli,et al.  Role of estradiol metabolism and CYP1A1 polymorphisms in breast cancer risk. , 1999, Cancer detection and prevention.

[135]  M. Pavlova,et al.  Acetylator phenotype in patients with breast cancer. , 1978, Oncology.

[136]  C. Mathew,et al.  Identification of germline missense mutations and rare allelic variants in the ATM gene in early‐onset breast cancer , 1999, Genes, chromosomes & cancer.

[137]  G. Riou,et al.  c-Ha-ras-1 polymorphism in human breast carcinomas: evidence for a normal distribution of alleles. , 1988, Oncogene research.

[138]  B. Lin,et al.  Slow acetylator mutations in the human polymorphic N-acetyltransferase gene in 786 Asians, blacks, Hispanics, and whites: application to metabolic epidemiology. , 1993, American journal of human genetics.

[139]  C. Lefebvre,et al.  No evidence for germline PTEN mutations in families with breast and brain tumours , 1999, International journal of cancer.

[140]  A. Børresen-Dale,et al.  A rare CYP19 (aromatase) variant may increase the risk of breast cancer. , 1998, Pharmacogenetics.

[141]  M. King,et al.  Rare HRAS alleles and susceptibility to human breast cancer. , 1990, Genomics.

[142]  Chen-Yang Shen,et al.  Association between N‐acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) genetic polymorphism and development of breast cancer in post‐menopausal Chinese women in Taiwan, an area of great increase in breast cancer incidence , 1999, International journal of cancer.

[143]  A. Børresen-Dale,et al.  Molecular epidemiology of breast cancer: genetic variation in steroid hormone metabolism. , 2000, Mutation research.

[144]  J. Freudenheim,et al.  Cytochrome P4501A1 and glutathione S-transferase (M1) genetic polymorphisms and postmenopausal breast cancer risk. , 1995, Cancer research.

[145]  C. Stratakis,et al.  The Human Vitamin D Receptor Gene (VDR) Is Localized to Region 12cen‐q12 by Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization and Radiation Hybrid Mapping: Genetic and Physical VDR Map , 1999, Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

[146]  D. Dabbs,et al.  Nuclear localization of catechol-O-methyltransferase in neoplastic and nonneoplastic mammary epithelial cells. , 2000, The American journal of pathology.

[147]  J. Cerhan,et al.  N-acetyltransferase 1 genetic polymorphism, cigarette smoking, well-done meat intake, and breast cancer risk. , 1999, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[148]  G. Schellenberg,et al.  Positional Cloning of the Werner's Syndrome Gene , 1996, Science.

[149]  C. Mathew,et al.  Sequence variants of the estrogen receptor (ER) gene found in breast cancer patients with ER negative and progesterone receptor positive tumors. , 1996, Cancer letters.

[150]  N Risch,et al.  Autosomal dominant inheritance of early‐onset breast cancer. Implications for risk prediction , 1994, Cancer.

[151]  F. Cleton,et al.  HL-A antigens and breast cancer. , 1974, European journal of cancer.

[152]  N. Risch,et al.  An association between the risk of cancer and mutations in the HRAS1 minisatellite locus. , 1993, The New England journal of medicine.

[153]  D. Easton.  Breast cancer genes—what are the real risks? , 1997, Nature Genetics.

[154]  E. Vries,et al.  Relevance of high and low penetrance , 2001, The Lancet.

[155]  Steven E. Bayer,et al.  A strong candidate for the breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1. , 1994, Science.

[156]  Lam,et al.  Reduced expression of APC and DCC gene protein in breast cancer , 1999, Histopathology.

[157]  J. Liehr,et al.  Free radical generation by redox cycling of estrogens. , 1990, Free radical biology & medicine.

[158]  R. Millikan,et al.  Catechol-O-methyltransferase and breast cancer risk. , 1998, Carcinogenesis.

[159]  E. Weinberg.  The role of iron in cancer. , 1996, European journal of cancer prevention : the official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation.

[160]  M. Meyn.  Ataxia‐telangiectasia, cancer and the pathobiology of the ATM gene , 1999, Clinical genetics.

[161]  S. Hauser,et al.  Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) microsatellite haplotypes in relation to extended haplotypes, susceptibility to diseases associated with the major histocompatibility complex and TNF secretion. , 1996, Human immunology.

[162]  F. Costa,et al.  Prevalence of homozygosity for the deleted alleles of glutathione S‐transferase mu (GSTMl) and theta (GSTTl) among distinct ethnic groutx from Brazil: relevance to enviromental carcinogenesis? , 1998, Clinical genetics.

[163]  P. Philip,et al.  Acetylator status and its relationship to breast cancer and other diseases of the breast. , 1987, European journal of cancer & clinical oncology.

[164]  V. Gudnason,et al.  Polymorphism of the c‐Ha‐ras‐1 proto‐oncogene in sporadic and familial breast cancer , 1989, International journal of cancer.

[165]  J. Manson,et al.  A prospective study of NAT2 acetylation genotype, cigarette smoking, and risk of breast cancer. , 1997, Carcinogenesis.

[166]  G. Coetzee,et al.  A polymorphism in the CYP17 gene increases the risk of breast cancer. , 1997, Cancer research.

[167]  R. Weinshilboum,et al.  Human catechol-O-methyltransferase pharmacogenetics: description of a functional polymorphism and its potential application to neuropsychiatric disorders. , 1996, Pharmacogenetics.

[168]  R. Gershoni-baruch,et al.  Association of the I1307K APC mutation with hereditary and sporadic breast/ovarian cancer: more questions than answers , 2000, British Journal of Cancer.

[169]  H. Bolt,et al.  Human glutathione S-transferase theta (GSTT1): cDNA cloning and the characterization of a genetic polymorphism. , 1994, The Biochemical journal.

[170]  J. Hayes,et al.  The glutathione S-transferase supergene family: regulation of GST and the contribution of the isoenzymes to cancer chemoprotection and drug resistance. , 1995, Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology.

[171]  J. Sándor,et al.  Colorectal cancer risk in relation to genetic polymorphism of cytochrome P450 1A1, 2E1, and glutathione-S-transferase M1 enzymes. , 2000, Anticancer research.

[172]  P. Tonin,et al.  Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 in breast cancer families: are there more breast cancer-susceptibility genes? , 1997, American journal of human genetics.

[173]  D. Easton.  The inherited component of cancer. , 1994, British medical bulletin.

[174]  E. Chen,et al.  Complete nucleotide sequences of the T24 human bladder carcinoma oncogene and its normal homologue , 1983, Nature.

[175]  B. Hulka.  Epidemiologic analysis of breast and gynecologic cancers. , 1997, Progress in clinical and biological research.

[176]  A. Knudson,et al.  Mutation and childhood cancer: a probabilistic model for the incidence of retinoblastoma. , 1975, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[177]  P. Vineis,et al.  The analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism in human cancer: A review from an epidemiological perspective , 1991, International journal of cancer.

[178]  C. Smith,et al.  Molecular genetic analysis of the cytochrome P450-debrisoquine hydroxylase locus and association with cancer susceptibility. , 1992, Environmental health perspectives.

[179]  Chuan Yi Tang,et al.  A 2.|E|-Bit Distributed Algorithm for the Directed Euler Trail Problem , 1993, Inf. Process. Lett..

[180]  W. V. D. Van de Ven,et al.  Isolation and mapping of a cosmid clone containing the human NAT2 gene. , 1994, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[181]  W. Recant,et al.  Loss of heterozygosity from the short arm of chromosome 8 is associated with invasive behavior in breast cancer , 1996, Genes, chromosomes & cancer.

[182]  M. Lavin,et al.  Eighth International Workshop on Ataxia-Telangiectasia (ATW8). , 1999, Cancer research.

[183]  R. Nussbaum,et al.  Report of the committee on the genetic constitution of the X chromosome. , 1988, Cytogenetics and cell genetics.

[184]  T. Mohandas,et al.  Human aromatase: cDNA cloning, Southern blot analysis, and assignment of the gene to chromosome 15. , 1988, DNA.

[185]  D. Spiegelman,et al.  Association of Genetic Polymorphisms in UGT 1 A 1 with Breast Cancer and Plasma Hormone Levels 1 , 2001 .

[186]  G. Hallmans,et al.  p53 polymorphisms and haplotypes in breast cancer. , 1996, Carcinogenesis.

[187]  J. Freudenheim,et al.  Glutathione-S-transferase (GSTM1) genetic polymorphisms do not affect human breast cancer risk, regardless of dietary antioxidants. , 1999, The Journal of nutrition.

[188]  B. Ponder,et al.  No association between a polymorphism in the steroid metabolism gene CYP17 and risk of breast cancer. , 1998, British Journal of Cancer.

[189]  C. Purdie,et al.  Thymocyte apoptosis induced by p53-dependent and independent pathways , 1993, Nature.

[190]  B. Vogelstein,et al.  Inherited p53 gene mutations in breast cancer. , 1992, Cancer research.

[191]  C Eng,et al.  PTEN mutation spectrum and genotype-phenotype correlations in Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome suggest a single entity with Cowden syndrome. , 1999, Human molecular genetics.

[192]  N. Muto,et al.  Purification and reconstitution properties of human placental aromatase. A cytochrome P-450-type monooxygenase. , 1986, European journal of biochemistry.

[193]  M. Swift,et al.  Molecular genotyping shows that ataxia-telangiectasia heterozygotes are predisposed to breast cancer. , 1996, Cancer genetics and cytogenetics.

[194]  D. Givol,et al.  The gene for human p53 cellular tumor antigen is located on chromosome 17 short arm (17p13). , 1986, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[195]  M. Stratton,et al.  A germline mutation in the androgen receptor gene in two brothers with breast cancer and Reifenstein syndrome , 1992, Nature Genetics.

[196]  R. Berger,et al.  Localization of the human progesterone receptor gene to chromosome 11q22–q23 , 1987, Human Genetics.

[197]  H. J. Evans,et al.  p53 mutations in breast cancer. , 1992, Cancer research.

[198]  D. Bell,et al.  Polyadenylation polymorphism in the acetyltransferase 1 gene (NAT1) increases risk of colorectal cancer. , 1995, Cancer research.

[199]  A J Krush,et al.  Increased risk of cancer in the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. , 1987, The New England journal of medicine.

[200]  Hulka Bs.  Epidemiologic analysis of breast and gynecologic cancers. , 1997 .

[201]  J. Herman,et al.  Alterations in DNA methylation: a fundamental aspect of neoplasia. , 1998, Advances in cancer research.

[202]  G. Ferrara,et al.  Biochemical analysis of HLA class I subunits expression in breast cancer tissues. , 2000, Human immunology.

[203]  K. Buetow,et al.  Constitutional genetic variation at the human aromatase gene (Cyp19) and breast cancer risk , 1999, British Journal of Cancer.

[204]  Jing Li,et al.  Germline mutations of the PTEN gene in Cowden disease, an inherited breast and thyroid cancer syndrome , 1997, Nature Genetics.

[205]  W. Willett,et al.  Cigarette smoking, cytochrome P450 1A1 polymorphisms, and breast cancer risk in the Nurses' Health Study. , 1998, Cancer research.

[206]  W. McGuire,et al.  Estrogen receptor variants in clinical breast cancer. , 1991, Molecular endocrinology.

[207]  O. Gotoh,et al.  Association of CYP1B1 genetic polymorphism with incidence to breast and lung cancer. , 2000, Pharmacogenetics.

[208]  R. Lidereau,et al.  Association between restriction fragment length polymorphism of the L‐myc gene and lung metastasis in human breast cancer , 1992, International journal of cancer.

[209]  I. Bleiweiss,et al.  CYP17 genotype and breast cancer risk. , 1998, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[210]  M. Gentile,et al.  Association between CYP17 gene polymorphism and risk of breast cancer in young women , 1999, International journal of cancer.

[211]  K. Grzeschik,et al.  The structural gene for transferrin (TF) maps to 3q21----3qter. , 1984, Annales de genetique.

[212]  A. Paradiso,et al.  Expression of Gst-Mu Transferase in Breast Cancer Patients and Healthy Controls , 1994, International Journal of Biological Markers.

[213]  I. Campbell,et al.  No association of a 306-bp insertion polymorphism in the progesterone receptor gene with ovarian and breast cancer. , 1997, British Journal of Cancer.

[214]  A. Berchuck,et al.  Progesterone receptor gene polymorphism and risk for breast and ovarian cancer. , 1998, British Journal of Cancer.

[215]  L. Mulligan,et al.  Immunohistochemical evidence of loss of PTEN expression in primary ductal adenocarcinomas of the breast. , 1999, The American journal of pathology.

[216]  B. Agnarsson,et al.  Chromosome 8p alterations in sporadic andBRCA2 999del5 linked breast cancer , 2000, Journal of medical genetics.

[217]  S. Venitt,et al.  Mechanisms of carcinogenesis and individual susceptibility to cancer. , 1994, Clinical chemistry.

[218]  A. Tward,et al.  Cancer risk in ATM heterozygotes: a model of phenotypic and mechanistic differences between missense and truncating mutations. , 1999, Molecular genetics and metabolism.

[219]  D. Nebert.  Role of genetics and drug metabolism in human cancer risk. , 1991, Mutation research.

[220]  M. King,et al.  Linkage of early-onset familial breast cancer to chromosome 17q21. , 1990, Science.

[221]  P. Lønning,et al.  CYP17 and breast cancer risk: the polymorphism in the 5' flanking area of the gene does not influence binding to Sp-1. , 1999, Cancer research.

[222]  C. Maugard,et al.  Allelotype influence at glutathione S-transferase M1 locus on breast cancer susceptibility , 1999, British Journal of Cancer.

[223]  S. Weitzman,et al.  Methylation of estrogen and progesterone receptor gene 5' CpG islands correlates with lack of estrogen and progesterone receptor gene expression in breast tumors. , 1996, Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research.

[224]  M. H. Polymeropoulos,et al.  Tetranucleotide repeat polymorphism at the human aromatase cytochrome P- 450 gene (CYP19) , 1991, Nucleic Acids Res..

[225]  F. Davis,et al.  Risk of neoplastic and other diseases among people with heterozygosity for hereditary hemochromatosis , 1995, Cancer.

[226]  D. Nebert,et al.  Human dioxin-inducible cytochrome P1-450: complementary DNA and amino acid sequence. , 1985, Science.

[227]  C. Bakkenist,et al.  Heat shock cognate 70 mutations in sporadic breast carcinoma. , 1999, Cancer research.

[228]  Jack A. Taylor,et al.  Genotype/phenotype discordance for human arylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT2) reveals a new slow-acetylator allele common in African-Americans. , 1993, Carcinogenesis.

[229]  B. Nayak,et al.  Mutation and Methylation Status of p53 Gene Promoter in Human Breast Tumours , 1999, Tumor Biology.

[230]  B. Weber,et al.  Genetic and hormonal risk factors in breast cancer. , 2000, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[231]  D. Easton,et al.  ATM mutations and phenotypes in ataxia-telangiectasia families in the British Isles: expression of mutant ATM and the risk of leukemia, lymphoma, and breast cancer. , 1998, American journal of human genetics.

[232]  K. Ilett,et al.  Acetylation phenotype is not associated with breast cancer. , 1990, Cancer research.

[233]  S. Wingren,et al.  Association of breast cancer progression with a vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism. South-East Sweden Breast Cancer Group. , 1999, Cancer research.

[234]  M. Lovett,et al.  A single ataxia telangiectasia gene with a product similar to PI-3 kinase. , 1995, Science.

[235]  A. Conney,et al.  Is 2-methoxyestradiol an endogenous estrogen metabolite that inhibits mammary carcinogenesis? , 1998, Cancer research.

[236]  J. Little,et al.  Polycystic ovaries and premature male pattern baldness are associated with one allele of the steroid metabolism gene CYP17. , 1994, Human molecular genetics.

[237]  M. Lippman,et al.  Estrogen and oncogene mediated growth regulation of human breast cancer cells. , 1987, Journal of steroid biochemistry.

[238]  P. Schlag,et al.  Strong indication for a breast cancer susceptibility gene on chromosome 8p12-p22: linkage analysis in German breast cancer families , 1997, Oncogene.

[239]  M. Emmert-Buck,et al.  Loss of heterozygosity on the short arm of chromosome 8 in male breast carcinomas. , 1995, Cancer research.

[240]  N. Walworth,et al.  Effect of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on the morphologic and biochemical differentiation of cultured human epidermal keratinocytes grown in serum-free conditions , 1986 .

[241]  S. Ingles,et al.  Linkage analysis of DRD2, a marker linked to the ataxia-telangiectasia gene, in 64 families with premenopausal bilateral breast cancer. , 1993, Cancer research.

[242]  K. Gelmon,et al.  Absence of mutations in the ATM gene in forty-seven cases of sporadic breast cancer , 1999, British Journal of Cancer.

[243]  T. Rebbeck,et al.  Assessment and counseling for women with a family history of breast cancer. A guide for clinicians. , 1995, JAMA.

[244]  S. Pacini,et al.  Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism is associated with metastatic breast cancer. , 1998, Oncology research.

[245]  H. J. Evans,et al.  Constitutional p53 mutation in a non-Li-Fraumeni cancer family. , 1992, British Journal of Cancer.

[246]  G. Chenevix-Trench,et al.  Tumour-specific distribution of BRCA1 promoter region methylation supports a pathogenetic role in breast and ovarian cancer. , 2000, Carcinogenesis.

[247]  S. Ahmed,et al.  Polymorphism in the tumor necrosis factor‐α promotor region and in the heat shock protein 70 genes associated with malignant tumors , 1997, Cancer.

[248]  J. Chang-Claude,et al.  Progesterone receptor gene polymorphism is associated with decreased risk for breast cancer by age 50. , 2000, Cancer research.

[249]  Weinberg Ed.  The role of iron in cancer. , 1996 .

[250]  R. Pero,et al.  Isoenzyme(s) of glutathione transferase (class Mu) as a marker for the susceptibility to lung cancer: a follow up study. , 1990, Carcinogenesis.

[251]  H. Ostrer,et al.  TbetaR-I(6A) is a candidate tumor susceptibility allele. , 1999, Cancer research.

[252]  D. Forman,et al.  Identification of genetic polymorphisms at the glutathione S-transferase Pi locus and association with susceptibility to bladder, testicular and prostate cancer. , 1997, Carcinogenesis.

[253]  R. Young,et al.  Stress proteins and immunology. , 1990, Annual review of immunology.

[254]  J. Brockmöller,et al.  Arylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT2) mutations and their allelic linkage in unrelated Caucasian individuals: correlation with phenotypic activity. , 1995, American journal of human genetics.

[255]  L. Griffiths,et al.  Polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferase genes (GSTM1, GSTP1 and GSTT1) and breast cancer susceptibility. , 2000, Cancer letters.

[256]  G. Giles,et al.  HRAS1 rare minisatellite alleles and breast cancer in Australian women under age forty years. , 1999, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[257]  H. Mcdevitt,et al.  Effects of a polymorphism in the human tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter on transcriptional activation. , 1997, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[258]  T. Rustan,et al.  Metabolic activation of N-hydroxyarylamines and N-hydroxyarylamides by 16 recombinant human NAT2 allozymes: effects of 7 specific NAT2 nucleic acid substitutions. , 1995, Cancer research.

[259]  J. Herman,et al.  Inactivation of glutathione S-transferase P1 gene by promoter hypermethylation in human neoplasia. , 1998, Cancer research.

[260]  G. Hallmans,et al.  Interaction between haemochromatosis and transferrin receptor genes in different neoplastic disorders. , 1999, Carcinogenesis.

[261]  L. Bernstein,et al.  Does estrogen receptor expression in normal breast tissue predict breast cancer risk? , 1998, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[262]  J. Freudenheim,et al.  Cigarette smoking, N-acetyltransferase 2 genetic polymorphisms, and breast cancer risk. , 1996, JAMA.

[263]  H. J. Evans,et al.  p53 allele losses, mutations and expression in breast cancer and their relationship to clinico‐pathological parameters , 1992, International journal of cancer.

[264]  P. Julka,et al.  Human leucocytic antigens (HLA) in breast cancer. , 1998, Indian journal of medical sciences.

[265]  P. Møller,et al.  Breast cancer and other cancers in Norwegian families with ataxia‐telangiectasia , 1990, Genes, chromosomes & cancer.

[266]  S. Friend,et al.  Screening for germ line TP53 mutations in breast cancer patients. , 1992, Cancer research.

[267]  M. Pike,et al.  Cytochrome P450c17alpha gene (CYP17) polymorphism is associated with serum estrogen and progesterone concentrations. , 1998, Cancer research.

[268]  D. Gerhard,et al.  A 3-Mb contig from D11S987 to MLK3, a gene-rich region in 11q13. , 1997, Genome research.

[269]  P. Schlag,et al.  Deletion mapping and linkage analysis provide strong indication for the involvement of the human chromosome region 8p12-p22 in breast carcinogenesis. , 1997, British Journal of Cancer.

[270]  M. Namer,et al.  Study of the frequencies of CYP1A1 gene polymorphisms and glutathione S-transferase mu1 gene in primary breast cancers: an update with an additional 114 cases. , 1998, Mutation research.

[271]  P. Seeburg,et al.  Tyrosine kinase receptor with extensive homology to EGF receptor shares chromosomal location with neu oncogene. , 1985, Science.

[272]  S. Srivastava,et al.  Naturally occurring human glutathione S-transferase GSTP1-1 isoforms with isoleucine and valine in position 104 differ in enzymic properties. , 1994, European journal of biochemistry.

[273]  R Anbazhagan,et al.  Allelic loss of chromosomal arm 8p in breast cancer progression. , 1998, The American journal of pathology.

[274]  W. Pearson,et al.  Hereditary differences in the expression of the human glutathione transferase active on trans-stilbene oxide are due to a gene deletion. , 1988, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[275]  X. Shu,et al.  Population-based, case-control study of HER2 genetic polymorphism and breast cancer risk. , 2000, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[276]  K. Chew,et al.  Loss of heterozygosity and p53 gene mutations in breast cancer. , 1994, Cancer research.

[277]  J. Bullerdiek,et al.  Isolation and Mapping of a Cosmid Clone Containing the Human NAT 2 Gene , 1994 .

[278]  I. Bleiweiss,et al.  p53 haplotype determination in breast cancer. , 1997, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[279]  E. Imyanitov,et al.  CYP17 polymorphism in the groups of distinct breast cancer susceptibility: comparison of patients with the bilateral disease vs. monolateral breast cancer patients vs. middle-aged female controls vs. elderly tumor-free women. , 2000, Cancer letters.

[280]  C. Larsson,et al.  Mutation analysis of the BRCA2 gene in 49 site–specific breast cancer families , 1996, Nature Genetics.

[281]  E White,et al.  Breast cancer, heterocyclic aromatic amines from meat and N-acetyltransferase 2 genotype. , 2000, Carcinogenesis.

[282]  A. Llerena,et al.  Polymorphic oxidation of debrisoquine in women with breast cancer. , 1991, Oncology.

[283]  P. Adams.  Prevalence of abnormal iron studies in heterozygotes for hereditary hemochromatosis: An analysis of 255 heterozygotes , 1994, American journal of hematology.

[284]  E. Claus.  The genetic epidemiology of cancer. , 1995, Cancer surveys.

[285]  U. Patel,et al.  Screening for germline mutations of the p53 gene in familial breast cancer patients , 1995, European journal of clinical investigation.

[286]  K. Nakachi,et al.  The CYP1A1 gene and cancer susceptibility. , 1993, Critical reviews in oncology/hematology.

[287]  Peter A. Jones,et al.  Cancer-epigenetics comes of age , 1999, Nature Genetics.

[288]  D. Bell,et al.  An association between the allele coding for a low activity variant of catechol-O-methyltransferase and the risk for breast cancer. , 1997, Cancer research.

[289]  N. Chobanyan.  Re: Henderson,B.E. and Feigelson,H.S. (2000) hormonal carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis, 21, 427-433. , 2001, Carcinogenesis.

[290]  K. Heimdal,et al.  Oestrogen receptor (ESR) polymorphisms and breast cancer susceptibility , 1994, Human Genetics.

[291]  J. Fraumeni,et al.  Follow-up study of twenty-four families with Li-Fraumeni syndrome. , 1991, Cancer research.

[292]  A. Rannug,et al.  Genetic susceptibility to lung cancer with special emphasis on CYP1A1 and GSTM1: a study on host factors in relation to age at onset, gender and histological cancer types. , 1994, Carcinogenesis.

[293]  M. James,et al.  The ATM gene and susceptibility to breast cancer: analysis of 38 breast tumors reveals no evidence for mutation. , 1996, Cancer research.

[294]  K. Deschryver,et al.  Sequence-ready contig for the 1.4-cM ductal carcinoma in situ loss of heterozygosity region on chromosome 8p22-p23. , 1999, Genomics.

[295]  R. Birgander,et al.  p53 polymorphisms and haplotypes in different ethnic groups. , 1995, Human heredity.

[296]  D. Bell,et al.  Association between CYP17 polymorphisms and the development of breast cancer. , 1998, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[297]  T. Rebbeck.  Molecular epidemiology of the human glutathione S-transferase genotypes GSTM1 and GSTT1 in cancer susceptibility. , 1997, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[298]  B. Weber,et al.  Low penetrance genes associated with increased risk for breast cancer. , 2000, European journal of cancer.

[299]  D. F. Easton,et al.  The genetics of breast and ovarian cancer. , 1995, British Journal of Cancer.

[300]  B. Benacerraf,et al.  Lack of association between carcinoma of the breast and HL-A specificities. , 2008 .

[301]  H. Feilotter,et al.  Analysis of the 10q23 chromosomal region and the PTEN gene in human sporadic breast carcinoma , 1999, British Journal of Cancer.

[302]  M. Wigler,et al.  PTEN, a Putative Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Gene Mutated in Human Brain, Breast, and Prostate Cancer , 1997, Science.

[303]  T. Sørlie,et al.  Truncating somatic mutation in exon 15 of the APC gene is a rare event in human breast carcinomas. Mutations in brief no. 179. Online. , 1998, Human mutation.

[304]  L. Essioux,et al.  Loss of heterozygosity and linkage analysis in breast carcinoma: indication for a putative third susceptibility gene on the short arm of chromosome 8. , 1995, Oncogene.

[305]  F. Perera,et al.  The association between glutathione S-transferase M1 genotype and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts in breast tissue. , 2000, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[306]  P I Terasaki,et al.  HL-A antigens in solid tumors. , 1973, Cancer research.

[307]  B. Ponder,et al.  A point mutation in the putative TATA box, detected in nondiseased individuals and patients with hereditary breast cancer, decreases promoter activity of the 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 gene 2 (EDH17B2) in vitro. , 1994, Genomics.

[308]  R. Mehta,et al.  Induction of differentiation by 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D(5) in T47D human breast cancer cells and its interaction with vitamin D receptors. , 2000, European journal of cancer.

[309]  B. Dutrillaux,et al.  Recurrent HSR in the centromeric region of chromosome 8 in breast cancer. , 1987, Annales de Genetique.

[310]  P. Bosma,et al.  Assignment of the human UDP glucuronosyltransferase gene (UGT1A1) to chromosome region 2q37. , 1993, Cytogenetics and cell genetics.

[311]  M B Daly,et al.  Modification of BRCA1-associated breast cancer risk by the polymorphic androgen-receptor CAG repeat. , 1999, American journal of human genetics.

[312]  Y. Bignon,et al.  Specific H-Ras minisatellite alleles in breast cancer susceptibility. , 1999, Anticancer research.

[313]  B. Ponder,et al.  Polymorphisms in the human aromatase cytochrome P450 gene (CYP19) and breast cancer risk. , 2000, Carcinogenesis.

[314]  R. Mirimanoff,et al.  Clinical implications of the p53 tumor-suppressor gene. , 1994, The New England journal of medicine.

[315]  G. T. Budd,et al.  Estrogen receptor mutations in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer. , 1994, Cancer research.

[316]  J. Bringer,et al.  Male breast cancer and the androgen receptor gene , 1993, Nature genetics.

[317]  M. Spitz,et al.  Ethnic differences in the prevalence of the homozygous deleted genotype of glutathione S-transferase theta. , 1995, Carcinogenesis.

[318]  B. Zoll,et al.  Comparison between the allelic frequency distribution of the Ha-ras 1 locus in normal individuals and patients with lymphoma, breast, and ovarian cancer , 1988, Human Genetics.

[319]  M. King,et al.  Possible linkage of the estrogen receptor gene to breast cancer in a family with late-onset disease. , 1991, American journal of human genetics.

[320]  M. King,et al.  The APCI1307K allele and breast cancer risk. , 1998, Nature genetics.

[321]  N. Hayward,et al.  Confirmation of a susceptibility locus on chromosome 13 in Australian breast cancer families , 1996, Human Genetics.

[322]  K. Isselbacher,et al.  Germline mutations in PTEN are an infrequent cause of genetic predisposition to breast cancer , 1998, Oncogene.

[323]  S. Seal,et al.  Low frequency of somatic mutations in the LKB1/Peutz-Jeghers syndrome gene in sporadic breast cancer. , 1998, Cancer research.

[324]  T. Krontiris,et al.  Minisatellite allele diversification: the origin of rare alleles at the HRAS1 locus. , 1990, American journal of human genetics.

[325]  K. Kelsey,et al.  Gene deletion of glutathione S-transferase theta: correlation with induced genetic damage and potential role in endogenous mutagenesis. , 1995, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[326]  J. Freudenheim,et al.  Polychlorinated biphenyls, cytochrome P4501A1 polymorphism, and postmenopausal breast cancer risk. , 1999, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[327]  C. Maugard,et al.  Allelic deletion at glutathione S-transferase M1 locus and its association with breast cancer susceptibility. , 1998, Chemico-biological interactions.

[328]  K. Nakachi,et al.  Genetic linkage of lung cancer-associated MspI polymorphisms with amino acid replacement in the heme binding region of the human cytochrome P450IA1 gene. , 1991, Journal of biochemistry.

[329]  I. Dunham,et al.  Human major histocompatibility complex contains genes for the major heat shock protein HSP70. , 1989, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[330]  I. Fentiman,et al.  Cytochrome P450dbl phenotypes in malignant and benign breast disease. , 1990, European journal of cancer.

[331]  F. Pociot,et al.  An allelic polymorphism within the human tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter region is strongly associated with HLA A1, B8, and DR3 alleles , 1993, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[332]  B. Olaisen,et al.  The locus for apolipoprotein E (apoE) is linked to the complement component C3 (C3) locus on chromosome 19 in man , 2004, Human Genetics.

[333]  J. J. Li,et al.  Hormonal Carcinogenesis , 2020, Springer New York.

[334]  T. I. Andersen.  Genetic heterogeneity in breast cancer susceptibility. , 1996, Acta oncologica.

[335]  P. Hartge,et al.  The APC I1307K allele and cancer risk in a community-based study of Ashkenazi Jews , 1998, Nature Genetics.

[336]  P. Srivastava,et al.  A mechanism for the specific immunogenicity of heat shock protein-chaperoned peptides. , 1995, Science.

[337]  G. Giles,et al.  Androgen receptor exon 1 CAG repeat length and breast cancer in women before age forty years. , 1999, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[338]  M. Spence,et al.  Genetic linkage analysis in a high-risk cancer family: HLA and 24 other markers. , 1983, Cancer genetics and cytogenetics.