Application of Sentinel-1 and-2 Images in Measuring the Deformation of Kuh-e-Namak (Dashti) Namakier, Iran

Kuh-e-Namak (Dashti) namakier is one of the most active salt diapirs along the Zagros fold–thrust belt in Iran. Its surface deformation should be measured to estimate its long-term kinematics. Ten Sentinel-2 optical images acquired between October 2016 and December 2019 were processed by using Co-Registration of Optically Sensed Images and Correlation (COSI-Corr) method. Forty-seven Sentinel-1 ascending Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images acquired between April 2017 and December 2019 were processed by using Small Baseline Subset Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (SBAS-InSAR) method. The deformation of Kuh-e-Namak (Dashti) namakier was measured using both methods. Then, meteorological data were utilized to explore the relationship between the kinematics of the namakier and weather conditions and differences in macrodeformation behavior of various rock salt types. The advantages and disadvantages of COSI-Corr and SBAS-InSAR methods in measuring the deformation of the namakier were compared. The results show that: (1) The flank subsides in the dry season and uplifts in the rainy season, whereas the dome subsides in the rainy season and uplifts in the dry season. Under extreme rainfall conditions, the namakier experiences permanent plastic deformation. (2) The “dirty” rock salt of the namakier is more prone to flow than the “clean” rock salt in terms of macrodeformation behavior. (3) In the exploration of the kinematics of the namakier via the two methods, COSI-Corr is superior to SBAS-InSAR on a spatial scale, but the latter is superior to the former on a time scale.

[1]  Xiaoli Ding,et al.  Improved optical image matching time series inversion approach for monitoring dune migration in North Sinai Sand Sea: Algorithm procedure, application, and validation , 2020, ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing.

[2]  Yunqi Wang,et al.  Retrospective deformation of the Baige landslide using optical remote sensing images , 2019, Landslides.

[3]  Pieter Vermeesch,et al.  Measuring Sand Dune Migration Rates with COSI-Corr and Landsat: Opportunities and Challenges , 2019, Remote. Sens..

[4]  H. Jalalifar,et al.  Surface deformation over the buried Nasr Abad salt diapir, Central Iran using interferometric synthetic aperture radar data , 2019, International Journal of Remote Sensing.

[5]  H. S. Gusain,et al.  Temporal change and flow velocity estimation of Patseo glacier, Western Himalaya, India , 2018 .

[6]  Miao Shi,et al.  Wuhan Surface Subsidence Analysis in 2015-2016 Based on Sentinel-1A Data by SBAS-InSAR , 2017, Remote. Sens..

[7]  Magaly Koch,et al.  Minimizing the Residual Topography Effect on Interferograms to Improve DInSAR Results: Estimating Land Subsidence in Port-Said City, Egypt , 2017, Remote. Sens..

[8]  Jérôme M. B. Louis,et al.  Copernicus Sentinel-2A Calibration and Products Validation Status , 2017, Remote. Sens..

[9]  François Renard,et al.  The variety of subaerial active salt deformations in the Kuqa fold-thrust belt (China) constrained by InSAR , 2016 .

[10]  J. Urai,et al.  Impact of solid second phases on deformation mechanisms of naturally deformed salt rocks (Kuh-e-Namak, Dashti, Iran) and rheological stratification of the Hormuz Salt Formation. , 2015 .

[11]  Sebastien Leprince,et al.  Quantifying near‐field and off‐fault deformation patterns of the 1992 Mw 7.3 Landers earthquake , 2015 .

[12]  Arko Lucieer,et al.  Time Series Analysis of Landslide Dynamics Using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) , 2015, Remote. Sens..

[13]  M. Sharifi,et al.  Using Envisat InSAR time-series to investigate the surface kinematics of an active salt extrusion near Qum, Iran , 2014 .

[14]  P. Allemand,et al.  Surface reconstruction and landslide displacement measurements with Pléiades satellite images , 2014 .

[15]  Regional trends in active diapirism revealed by mountain range‐scale InSAR time series , 2012 .

[16]  Antonio Pepe,et al.  SBAS-Based Satellite Orbit Correction for the Generation of DInSAR Time-Series: Application to RADARSAT-1 Data , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[17]  A. Kääb,et al.  Evaluation of existing image matching methods for deriving glacier surface displacements globally from optical satellite imagery , 2011 .

[18]  M. Riahi,et al.  Seismic imaging of sub-circular salt-related structures: evidence for passive diapirism in the Straits of Hormuz, Persian Gulf , 2011 .

[19]  C. Talbot,et al.  InSAR mapping and modelling of an active Iranian salt extrusion , 2010, Journal of the Geological Society.

[20]  M. Dehghani,et al.  InSAR maps and time series observations of surface displacements of rock salt extruded near Garmsar, northern Iran , 2010, Journal of the Geological Society.

[21]  V. Pohjola,et al.  Subaerial salt extrusions in Iran as analogues of ice sheets, streams and glaciers , 2009 .

[22]  Sebastien Leprince,et al.  Surface displacements in the September 2005 Afar rifting event from satellite image matching: Asymmetric uplift and faulting , 2009 .

[23]  Pieter Vermeesch,et al.  Remotely sensed dune celerity and sand flux measurements of the world's fastest barchans (Bodélé, Chad) , 2008 .

[24]  S. Leprince,et al.  Glacier-surface velocities in alpine terrain from optical satellite imagery—Accuracy improvement and quality assessment , 2008 .

[25]  Taho Yang,et al.  The use of grey relational analysis in solving multiple attribute decision-making problems , 2008, Comput. Ind. Eng..

[26]  Andrew Hooper,et al.  A multi‐temporal InSAR method incorporating both persistent scatterer and small baseline approaches , 2008 .

[27]  J. Warren,et al.  Subsurface seismic record of salt glaciers in an extensional intracontinental setting (Late Triassic of northwestern Germany) , 2007 .

[28]  Sébastien Leprince,et al.  Automatic and Precise Orthorectification, Coregistration, and Subpixel Correlation of Satellite Images, Application to Ground Deformation Measurements , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[29]  M. Jackson,et al.  Advance of allochthonous salt sheets in passive margins and orogens , 2006 .

[30]  Michele Manunta,et al.  A small-baseline approach for investigating deformations on full-resolution differential SAR interferograms , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[31]  C. Talbot,et al.  Geology and models of salt extrusion at Qum Kuh, central Iran , 2004, Journal of the Geological Society.

[32]  Gianfranco Fornaro,et al.  A new algorithm for surface deformation monitoring based on small baseline differential SAR interferograms , 2002, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[33]  Fabio Rocca,et al.  Nonlinear subsidence rate estimation using permanent scatterers in differential SAR interferometry , 2000, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[34]  C. Talbot,et al.  Salt extrusion at Kuh-e-Jahani, Iran, from June 1994 to November 1997 , 2000, Geological Society, London, Special Publications.

[35]  F. Rocca,et al.  Permanent scatterers in SAR interferometry , 1999, IEEE 1999 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IGARSS'99 (Cat. No.99CH36293).

[36]  C. Werner,et al.  Radar interferogram filtering for geophysical applications , 1998 .

[37]  Mario Costantini,et al.  A novel phase unwrapping method based on network programming , 1998, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[38]  C. Talbot.  Extrusions of Hormuz salt in Iran , 1998, Geological Society, London, Special Publications.

[39]  C. Talbot,et al.  The past of a future syntaxis across the Zagros , 1996, Geological Society, London, Special Publications.

[40]  H. S. Edgell.  Salt tectonism in the Persian Gulf Basin , 1996, Geological Society, London, Special Publications.

[41]  Thomas J. Ahrens,et al.  Rock physics & phase relations : a handbook of physical constants , 1995 .

[42]  R. F. Cheeney.  Salt Diapirs of the Great Kavir, Central Iran , 1992 .

[43]  R. Goldstein,et al.  Mapping small elevation changes over large areas: Differential radar interferometry , 1989 .

[44]  R. Goldstein,et al.  Topographic mapping from interferometric synthetic aperture radar observations , 1986 .

[45]  J. L. Smith,et al.  Sedimentary Record of Cretaceous and Tertiary Salt Movement, East Texas Basin: Times, Rates, and Volumes of Salt Flow and Their Implications for Nuclear Waste Isolation and Petroleum Exploration , 1984 .

[46]  C. Talbot,et al.  Dynamics, budget and age of an active salt extrusion , 1983 .

[47]  C. Talbot,et al.  Seasonal Movements in a Salt Glacier in Iran , 1980, Science.

[48]  P. E. Kent,et al.  THE EMERGENT HORMUZ SALT PLUGS OF SOUTHERN IRAN , 1979 .

[49]  C. Talbot,et al.  Fold trains in a glacier of salt in southern Iran , 1979 .