Dealing with complexity in material cycle simulation and design

Abstract The objective of any process system engineering activity generally includes the simulation and design of some kind of plant. We conjecture, however, that in order to meet the objectives of sustainable development, material cycles need to be modelled, in order to assess the fate of toxic materials such as heavy metals and harmful organic components. Such modelling can be the basis of a decision support-tool. The outline of a materials-cycle modelling strategy is presented by addressing the major problems encountered.