Encyclopedia of medical decision making

Decision making is a critical element in the field of medicine that can lead to life-or-death outcomes, yet it is an element fraught with complex and conflicting variables, diagnostic and therapeutic uncertainties, patient preferences and values, and costs. Together, decisions made by physicians, patients, insurers, and policymakers determine the quality of health care, quality that depends inherently on counterbalancing risks and benefits and competing objectives such as maximizing life expectancy versus optimizing quality of life or quality of care versus economic realities. Broadly speaking, concepts in medical decision making (MDM) may be divided into two major categories: prescriptive and descriptive. Work in the area of prescriptive MDM investigates how medical decisions should be done using complicated analyses and algorithms to determine cost-effectiveness measures, prediction methods, and so on. In contrast, descriptive MDM studies how decisions actually are made involving human judgment, biases, social influences, patient factors, and so on. "The Encyclopedia of Medical Decision Making" gives a gentle introduction to both categories, revealing how medical and healthcare decisions are actually made - and constrained - and how physician, healthcare management, and patient decision making can be improved to optimize health outcomes. It discusses very general issues that span many aspects of MDM, including bioethics; health policy and economics; disaster simulation modeling; medical informatics; the psychology of decision making; shared and team medical decision making; social, moral, and religious factors; end-of-life decision making; assessing patient preference and patient adherence; and more. It incorporates both quantity and quality of life in optimizing a medical decision. It considers characteristics of the decision maker and how those characteristics influence their decisions. It presents outcome measures to judge the quality or impact of a medical decision. It examines some of the more commonly encountered biostatistical methods used in prescriptive decision making. It provides utility assessment techniques that facilitate quantitative medical decision making. It addresses the many different assumption perspectives the decision maker might choose from when trying to optimize a decision. It offers mechanisms for defining MDM algorithms.