Development and Validation of the Work Role Motivation Scale for School Principals (WRMS-SP)

Purpose: The aim of this study was to develop and validate a scale to assess work role motivation in school principals: the Work Role Motivation Scale for School Principals (WRMS-SP). The WRMS-SP is designed to measure intrinsic motivation, three types of extrinsic motivation (identified, introjected, and external), and amotivation with respect to three work roles (administrative, instructional leadership, and informative). Research Design: Data were gathered via a sample of 570 French Canadian school principals who completed an online questionnaire. Findings: Confirmatory factor analyses support (a) the 15-factor scale structure (5 types of motivation × 3 roles), (b) factor structure invariance over gender and job position, and (3) construct validity through a multitrait-multimethod matrix method analysis, which confirms the convergent and discriminant validity of the constructs and supports simplex patterns with respect to the roles, as well as intercorrelations between subscales and external criteria. Conclusions: The WRMS-SP is a promising instrument that could deepen our understanding, both theoretical and applied, of the professional functioning of principals and the repercussions on school success and improvement.

[1]  Craig K. Enders,et al.  Missing Data in Educational Research: A Review of Reporting Practices and Suggestions for Improvement , 2004 .

[2]  John P. Meyer,et al.  Commitment to organizations and occupations: Extension and test of a three-component conceptualization. , 1993 .

[3]  A. Goldberger,et al.  Estimation of a Model with Multiple Indicators and Multiple Causes of a Single Latent Variable , 1975 .

[4]  Blake E. Ashforth,et al.  A meta-analytic examination of the correlates of the three dimensions of job burnout. , 1996, The Journal of applied psychology.

[5]  Frédéric Guay,et al.  Adjusting to job demands: The role of work self-determination and job control in predicting burnout , 2004 .

[6]  Andrew J. Martin,et al.  A Multimethod Perspective on Self-Concept Research in Educational Psychology: A Construct Validity Approach. , 2006 .

[7]  Ron Iannone.  What Motivates Principals , 1973 .

[8]  D. Gamage,et al.  Professional Preparation and Development of School Leaders in Australia and the USA , 2003 .

[9]  K. Leithwood,et al.  Linking Leadership to Student Learning: The Contributions of Leader Efficacy , 2008 .

[10]  R. J. Vallerand,et al.  Construction et validation de I'echelle de motivation en educa- tion (EME) , 1989 .

[11]  E. Deci,et al.  Intrinsic Need Satisfaction: A Motivational Basis of Performance and Weil‐Being in Two Work Settings1 , 2004 .

[12]  C. Cooper,et al.  The relationship between job satisfaction and health: a meta-analysis , 2005, Occupational and Environmental Medicine.

[13]  J. Chapman.  Recruitment, retention, and development of school principals , 2005 .

[14]  Ronald H. Heck,et al.  Exploring the Principal's Contribution to School Effectiveness: 1980‐1995∗ , 1998 .

[15]  Estelle M. Morin,et al.  THE MOTIVATION AT WORK SCALE: VALIDATION IN TWO LANGUAGES , 2008 .

[16]  P. Bentler,et al.  Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis : Conventional criteria versus new alternatives , 1999 .

[17]  Caroline Aubé,et al.  The Motivation at Work Scale: Validation Evidence in Two Languages , 2010 .

[18]  A. Bakker,et al.  The job demands-resources model of burnout. , 2001, The Journal of applied psychology.

[19]  An Extension of the Propensity Score Adjustment Method for the Analysis of Group Differences in MIMIC Models. , 1999, Multivariate behavioral research.

[20]  Robert B. Kottkamp,et al.  Expectancy Motivation Scales for School Principals: Development and Validity Tests , 1986 .

[21]  H. Marsh,et al.  Assessing Goodness of Fit: Is Parsimony Always Desirable? , 1996 .

[22]  Emanuela Chemolli,et al.  A Temporal Analysis of the Relation between Organisational Commitment and Work Motivation , 2008 .

[23]  R. Ryan,et al.  Perceived locus of causality and internalization: examining reasons for acting in two domains. , 1989, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[24]  R. J. Vallerand,et al.  L'échelle de satisfaction de vie: validation canadienne française du «Satisfaction with Life Scale» , 1989 .

[25]  I. Friedman,et al.  Measuring School Principal-Experienced Burnout , 1995 .

[26]  D. Campbell,et al.  Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. , 1959, Psychological bulletin.

[27]  L. Campbell.  The Design and Development of a Simulation to Teach Water Conservation to Primary School Students , 2004 .

[28]  Luc G. Pelletier,et al.  Work Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation Scale: Its value for organizational psychology research. , 2009 .

[29]  Thomas E. Becker,et al.  Employee commitment and motivation: a conceptual analysis and integrative model. , 2004, The Journal of applied psychology.

[30]  Robert J. Vallerand,et al.  A Motivational Model of Work Turnover , 2002 .

[31]  E. Deci,et al.  “Facilitating optimal motivation and psychological well-being across life’s domains”: Correction to Deci and Ryan (2008). , 2008 .

[32]  John P. Meyer,et al.  AFFECTIVE, CONTINUANCE, AND NORMATIVE COMMITMENT TO THE ORGANIZATION: A META-ANALYSIS OF ANTECEDENTS, CORRELATES, AND CONSEQUENCES , 2002 .

[33]  R. J. Vallerand,et al.  L'Inventaire des motivations au travail de Blais : Problèmes psychologiques reliés au travail , 1993 .

[34]  H. Marsh,et al.  The Work Tasks Motivation Scale for Teachers (WTMST) , 2008 .

[35]  Dianne M. Finkelstein,et al.  A Beginner's Guide to Structural Equation Modeling , 2005, Technometrics.

[36]  R. Larsen,et al.  The Satisfaction with Life Scale , 1985, Journal of personality assessment.

[37]  K. Leithwood,et al.  A Review of Transformational School Leadership Research 1996–2005 , 2005 .

[38]  Gordon W. Cheung,et al.  Evaluating Goodness-of-Fit Indexes for Testing Measurement Invariance , 2002 .

[39]  Edward L. Deci,et al.  Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior , 1975, Perspectives in Social Psychology.

[40]  C. Pinder,et al.  Work Motivation in Organizational Behavior , 1997 .

[41]  F. Guay,et al.  Predicting intraindividual changes in teacher burnout: The role of perceived school environment and motivational factors , 2012 .

[42]  R. Ryan,et al.  Psychological needs and the facilitation of integrative processes. , 1995, Journal of personality.

[43]  P. Bentler,et al.  ML Estimation of Mean and Covariance Structures with Missing Data Using Complete Data Routines , 1999 .

[44]  R. Vallerand.  Toward A Hierarchical Model of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation , 1997 .