Cyclic Di-GMP Signaling in Bacteria: Recent Advances and New Puzzles

Cyclic di-GMP \[bis-(3′-5′)-cyclic di-GMP\] (Fig. [1][1]) is a novel second messenger in bacteria that was first described as an allosteric activator of cellulose synthase in Gluconacetobacter xylinus ([49][2]). It is now established that this nucleotide is almost ubiquitous in bacteria, where

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