Bidirectional Reflectance : An Overview with Remote Sensing Applications & Measurement

Overhead multiand hyperspectral imaging has enabled a variety of quantitative remote sensing techniques, such as the determination of the abundance and health of vegetation through the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). In addition, anomaly and target detection have been made possible by advanced matched filter algorithms. However, the derived surface reflectance from which all these techniques rely upon is generally directional, and as such depends upon the incident solar and receiving detector angles. This fact is rarely taken into account. The bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) may be used to compensate for the anisotropic reflectance of a material. However, quantification and employment of BRDF in remote sensing is challenging. The theoretical framework necessary to understand BRDF in the visible to nearinfrared (VNIR) spectral region is discussed, along with BRDF measurement techniques. Some popular BRDF models, which enable interpolation of measured data are reviewed. The most general form of the BRDF, that which includes polarization, is examined in detail. A viable polarimetric BRDF measurement technique is presented, along with models which may be used to extrapolate the measured data. Potential applications of spectro-polarimetric BRDF to remote sensing is reviewed. Finally, a recommendation is made for a simple outdoor BRDF measurement system which enables the application of spatial resolution-dependent BRDF variation toward hyperspectral algorithms and synthetic image generation. ∗Center for Imaging Science; Rochester Institute of Technology; Rochester, New York; e-mail: jrs6394@cis.rit.edu

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