Projectiles and the abuse of the use-wear method in a search for impact

Projectiles have enjoyed a lot of attention over the last few years as an indication of the existence of hafted hunting technology and as one of the arguments in discussions on complex human behaviour. More and more frequently, the identification of projectile points is based on a limited range of macro-fractures, despite the diversity and variability in wear features from projectile use. Such a methodological simplification does not support the wide-ranging interpretations often proposed. We address the many difficulties involved in reliably identifying projectiles and we suggest how these should preferably be dealt with.

[1]  Emily H Moss,et al.  The functional analysis of flint implements : Pincevent and Pont d'Ambon : two case studies from the French final palaeolithic , 1983 .

[2]  Veerle Rots,et al.  Prehension and Hafting Traces on Flint Tools: A Methodology , 2010 .

[3]  John E. Dockall Wear Traces and Projectile Impact: A Review of the Experimental and Archaeological Evidence , 1997 .

[4]  Christopher A. Bergman,et al.  Flint arrowhead breakage: examples from Ksar Akil, Lebanon , 1983 .

[5]  Marlize Lombard,et al.  Middle Stone Age lithic point experimentation for macro-fracture and residue analyses: the process and preliminary results with reference to Sibudu Cave points , 2004 .

[6]  Paola Villa,et al.  Hunting weapons of the Middle Stone Age and the Middle Palaeolithic: spear points from Sibudu, Rose Cottage and Bouheben , 2006 .

[7]  C. Grigson,et al.  Animals and Archaeology , 1985 .

[8]  J. Shea,et al.  Experimental use and quantitative performance analysis of triangular flakes (Levallois points) used as arrowheads , 2009 .

[9]  M. Lombard,et al.  Hunting with Howiesons Poort segments: pilot experimental study and the functional interpretation of archaeological tools , 2008 .

[10]  H. Knecht The History and Development of Projectile Technology Research , 1997 .

[11]  Chris Clarkson,et al.  Testing Archaeological Approaches to Determining Past Projectile Delivery Systems Using Ethnographic and Experimental Data , 2016 .

[12]  George H. Odell,et al.  The Mechanics of Use-Breakage of Stone Tools: Some Testable Hypotheses , 1981 .

[13]  Lawrence H. Keeley,et al.  Experimental Determination of Stone Tool Uses: A Microwear Analysis , 1979 .

[14]  Sylvain Soriano Les microgravettes du Périgordien de Rabier à Lanquais (Dordogne) : Analyse technologique fonctionnelle , 1998 .

[15]  F. Sigaut,et al.  Un couteau ne sert pas à couper, mais en coupant. Structure, fonctionnement et fonction dans l'analyse des objets , 1991 .

[16]  Todd A. Surovell,et al.  Making a point: wood- versus stone-tipped projectiles , 2009, Antiquity.

[17]  Kyle S. Brown,et al.  Comparing Lithic Assemblage Edge Damage Distributions: Examples from the Late Pleistocene and Preliminary Experimental Results , 2010 .

[18]  Anders Fischer,et al.  Macro and Micro Wear Traces on Lithic Projectile Points: Experimental Results and Prehistoric Examples , 1984 .

[19]  S. Churchill,et al.  The Evolution of the Human Capacity for “Killing at a Distance”: The Human Fossil Evidence for the Evolution of ProjectileWeaponry , 2009 .

[20]  W. K. Hutchings Measuring use-related fracture velocity in lithic armatures to identify spears, javelins, darts, and arrows , 2011 .

[21]  J. Shea,et al.  The origins of lithic projectile point technology: evidence from Africa, the Levant, and Europe , 2006 .

[22]  Matthew L. Sisk,et al.  Complex Projectile Technology and Homo sapiens Dispersal into Western Eurasia , 2010 .

[23]  Hugues Plisson,et al.  Pointes ou outils triangulaires? Données fonctionnelles dans le Moustérien Levantin. Commentaires. Réponse de l'auteur , 1998 .

[24]  P. Villa,et al.  Stone tools for the hunt: points with impact scars from a Middle Paleolithic site in southern Italy , 2009 .

[25]  C. Marean,et al.  An early and enduring advanced technology originating 71,000 years ago in South Africa , 2012, Nature.

[26]  L. Wadley,et al.  A Segment is not a Monolith: evidence from the Howiesons Poort of Sibudu, South Africa , 2008 .

[27]  Marc De Bie,et al.  Preparing for the Hunt in the Late Paleolithic Camp at Rekem, Belgium , 1993 .

[28]  Hugues Plisson,et al.  Hard core and cutting edge: experimental manufacture and use of Magdalenian composite projectile tips , 2011 .

[29]  S. Hughes Getting to the point: Evolutionary change in prehistoric weaponry , 1998 .

[30]  Ofer Bar-Yosef,et al.  Design and performance of microlith implemented projectiles during the Middle and the Late Epipaleolithic of the Levant: experimental and archaeological evidence , 2010 .

[31]  E. H. Moss Some comments on edge damage as a factor in functional analysis of stone artifacts , 1983 .

[32]  Jean-Marie Le Tensorer,et al.  Molecular evidence of bitumen in the Mousterian lithic assemblage of Hummal (Central Syria) , 2013 .

[33]  M. Moncel Cinq occupations paléolithiques au début de la dernière glaciation , 2004 .

[34]  C. Marean,et al.  Edge damage distribution at the assemblage level on Middle Stone Age lithics: an image-based GIS approach , 2007 .

[35]  Talía Lazuén,et al.  European Neanderthal stone hunting weapons reveal complex behaviour long before the appearance of modern humans , 2012 .

[36]  Hugues Plisson Examen tracéologique des pointes aziliennes du Bois-Ragot , 2005 .

[37]  Jean-Marc Pétillon,et al.  Thirty Years of Experimental Research on the Breakage Patterns of Stone Age Osseous Points. Overview, Methodological Problems and Current Perspectives , 2016 .

[38]  C. A. Bergman,et al.  Hunters at Hengistbury: Some evidence from experimental archaeology , 1982 .

[39]  Friedrich Rapp,et al.  SIMONDON Gilbert. Du mode de l'existence des objets techniques, 1958 , 2013 .

[40]  M. W. Thompson,et al.  Prehistoric technology : an experimental study of the oldest tools and artefacts from traces of manufacture and wear , 1970 .

[41]  J. Kamminga Over the edge : functional analysis of Australian stone tools , 1982 .

[42]  Radu Iovita,et al.  Projectile impact fractures and launching mechanisms: results of a controlled ballistic experiment using replica Levallois points , 2014 .

[43]  Patrick C. Vaughan,et al.  Use-Wear Analysis of Flaked Stone Tools , 1985 .

[44]  P. Pétrequin,et al.  Flèches de chasse, flèches de guerre, le cas des Danis d'Irian Jaya (Indonésie) , 1990 .

[45]  George H. Odell,et al.  Experiments with Spears and Arrows on Animal Targets , 1986 .

[46]  Zachary J. Davis,et al.  Experimental Tests of Middle Palaeolithic Spear Points Using a Calibrated Crossbow , 2001 .

[47]  Veerle Rots,et al.  Towards an understanding of hafting: the macro- and microscopic evidence , 2003, Antiquity.

[48]  J. Pargeter Howiesons Poort segments as hunting weapons: Experiments with replicated projectiles , 2007 .

[49]  F. Bordes,et al.  A propos des outils à bord abattu. Quelques remarques , 1952 .

[50]  P. Villa,et al.  Hunting and Hunting Weapons of the Lower and Middle Paleolithic of Europe , 2009 .

[51]  G. Simondon Du mode d'existence des objets techniques , 1989 .

[52]  Veerle Rots,et al.  Insights into early Middle Palaeolithic tool use and hafting in Western Europe. The functional analysis of level IIa of the early Middle Palaeolithic site of Biache-Saint-Vaast (France) , 2013 .

[53]  Veerle Rots,et al.  Projectiles and Hafting Technology , 2016 .

[54]  A. Costa Were there stone-tipped armatures in the South Asian Middle Paleolithic? , 2012 .

[55]  P. Villa,et al.  The Howiesons Poort and MSA III at Klasies River main site, Cave 1A , 2010 .

[56]  M. Chazan,et al.  Evidence for Early Hafted Hunting Technology , 2012, Science.

[57]  Philippe Crombé,et al.  Wear Analysis on Early Mesolithic Microliths from the Verrebroek Site, East Flanders, Belgium , 2001 .

[58]  J. Rozoy,et al.  Les derniers chasseurs : l'Epipaléolithique en France et en Belgique : essai de synthèse , 1978 .

[59]  M. Bie,et al.  Rekem: A Federmesser Camp on the Meuse River Bank , 2000 .

[60]  Mark H Newcomer,et al.  Reconstruction of tool use at Pincevent: microwear and experiments , 1982 .

[61]  P. Villa,et al.  The Still Bay points of Blombos Cave (South Africa) , 2009 .

[62]  Veerle Rots,et al.  Prehensile Wear on Flint Tools , 2004 .

[63]  Hugues Plisson,et al.  Processus fonctionnels de formation des assemblages technologiques dans les sites du Paléolithique supérieur. Les pointes de projectiles lithiques du Solutréen de la grotte de Combe-Saunière (Dordogne, France) , 1991 .