Commentary and Opinion: II. Statistical Parametric Mapping: Ontology and Current Issues

This article was written at the invitation of the Editor, in response to the preceding article by Strother et aI. (1995). I have taken this opportunity to comment on several issues, some of which have been the subject of recent exchanges (e.g. , Taylor et aI., 1993; Worsley et aI. , 1993). Others deserve mention because they have become of special cur­ rent interest. An overview of the development of statistical analysis in functional imaging is pre­ sented, followed by a discussion of some key areas.

[1]  B Horwitz,et al.  Intercorrelations of Glucose Metabolic Rates between Brain Regions: Application to Healthy Males in a State of Reduced Sensory Input , 1984, Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.

[2]  H. Haken,et al.  PHASE TRANSITIONS IN THE HUMAN BRAIN: SPATIAL MODE DYNAMICS , 1992 .

[3]  Karl J. Friston,et al.  Motor practice and neurophysiological adaptation in the cerebellum: a positron tomography study , 1992, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.

[4]  K. Worsley,et al.  Local Maxima and the Expected Euler Characteristic of Excursion Sets of χ 2, F and t Fields , 1994, Advances in Applied Probability.

[5]  Karl J. Friston,et al.  Changes in global cerebral blood flow in humans: effect on regional cerebral blood flow during a neural activation task. , 1993, The Journal of physiology.

[6]  Karl J. Friston,et al.  Regional response differences within the human auditory cortex when listening to words , 1992, Neuroscience Letters.

[7]  A. Aertsen,et al.  Neuronal assemblies , 1989, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[8]  J B Poline,et al.  Analysis of Individual Positron Emission Tomography Activation Maps by Detection of High Signal-to-Noise-Ratio Pixel Clusters , 1993, Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.

[9]  A. McIntosh,et al.  Structural modeling of functional neural pathways mapped with 2-deoxyglucose: effects of acoustic startle habituation on the auditory system , 1991, Brain Research.

[10]  C. G. Phillips,et al.  Localization of function in the cerebral cortex. Past, present and future. , 1984, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[11]  D. Perkel,et al.  Simultaneously Recorded Trains of Action Potentials: Analysis and Functional Interpretation , 1969, Science.

[12]  S. Strother,et al.  Scaled Subprofile Model: A Statistical Approach to the Analysis of Functional Patterns in Positron Emission Tomographic Data , 1987, Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.

[13]  Karl J. Friston,et al.  The Relationship between Global and Local Changes in PET Scans , 1990, Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.

[14]  D. Ferrier.  Experiments on the brain of monkeys.—No. I , 1875, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.

[15]  Gene H. Golub,et al.  Matrix computations , 1983 .

[16]  R. Carson,et al.  Analysis of Covariance in Statistical Parametric Mapping , 1993, Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.

[17]  Walter J. Freeman,et al.  Attractor Reconstruction from Event-Related Multi-Electrode EEG-Data • , .

[18]  H Preißl,et al.  Dynamics of activity and connectivity in physiological neuronal networks , 1991 .

[19]  Karl J. Friston,et al.  Measuring the neuromodulatory effects of drugs in man with positron emission tomography , 1992, Neuroscience Letters.

[20]  Alan C. Evans,et al.  A Three-Dimensional Statistical Analysis for CBF Activation Studies in Human Brain , 1992, Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.

[21]  B Horwitz,et al.  Simulating functional interactions in the brain: a model for examining correlations between regional cerebral metabolic rates. , 1990, International journal of bio-medical computing.

[22]  R. Adler,et al.  The Geometry of Random Fields , 1982 .

[23]  S C Strother,et al.  Commentary and Opinion: I. Principal Component Analysis, Variance Partitioning, and “Functional Connectivity” , 1995, Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.

[24]  Karl J. Friston,et al.  Patterns of Cerebral Blood Flow in Schizophrenia , 1992, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[25]  Armin Fuchs,et al.  Spatio-Temporal EEG Patterns , 1991 .

[26]  Karl J. Friston,et al.  Time‐dependent changes in effective connectivity measured with PET , 1993 .

[27]  G. Jefferson.  Localization of function in the cerebral cortex. , 1950, British medical bulletin.

[28]  P. Roland,et al.  Three‐dimensional analysis of clustered voxels in 15O‐butanol brain activation images , 1993 .

[29]  R J Seitz,et al.  Identification of Task‐Specific rCBF Changes in Individual Subjects: Validation and Application for PET , 1993, Journal of computer assisted tomography.

[30]  R A Koeppe,et al.  Instability of Localization of Cerebral Blood Flow Activation Foci with Parametric Maps , 1993, Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.

[31]  B Horwitz.  Functional Interactions in the Brain: Use of Correlations between Regional Metabolic Rates , 1991, Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.

[32]  Karl J. Friston,et al.  Functional Connectivity: The Principal-Component Analysis of Large (PET) Data Sets , 1993, Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.

[33]  Karl J. Friston,et al.  Assessing the significance of focal activations using their spatial extent , 1994, Human brain mapping.

[34]  M. Mintun,et al.  Noninvasive functional brain mapping by change-distribution analysis of averaged PET images of H215O tissue activity. , 1989, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[35]  A. M. Hasofer.  Upcrossings of Random Fields , 1978 .

[36]  Karl J. Friston,et al.  Functional anatomy of human procedural learning determined with regional cerebral blood flow and PET , 1992, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[37]  Karl J. Friston,et al.  Comparing Functional (PET) Images: The Assessment of Significant Change , 1991, Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.