Parallel detection of violations of color constancy

The perceived colors of reflecting surfaces generally remain stable despite changes in the spectrum of the illuminating light. This color constancy can be measured operationally by asking observers to distinguish illuminant changes on a scene from changes in the reflecting properties of the surfaces comprising it. It is shown here that during fast illuminant changes, simultaneous changes in spectral reflectance of one or more surfaces in an array of other surfaces can be readily detected almost independent of the numbers of surfaces, suggesting a preattentive, spatially parallel process. This process, which is perfect over a spatial window delimited by the anatomical fovea, may form an early input to a multistage analysis of surface color, providing the visual system with information about a rapidly changing world in advance of the generation of a more elaborate and stable perceptual representation.

[1]  S Zeki,et al.  A psychophysical dissection of the brain sites involved in color-generating comparisons. , 2000, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[2]  E. Adelson,et al.  Early vision and texture perception , 1988, Nature.

[3]  C. Ripamonti,et al.  Invariant cone-excitation ratios may predict transparency. , 2000, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[4]  H. Nothdurft.  The role of features in preattentive vision: Comparison of orientation, motion and color cues , 1993, Vision Research.

[5]  C M Moore,et al.  Preconstancy information can influence visual search: the case of lightness constancy. , 2001, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[6]  Kinjiro Amano,et al.  Colour constancy from temporal cues: better matches with less variability under fast illuminant changes , 2001, Vision Research.

[7]  L. Arend,et al.  Simultaneous color constancy: paper with diverse Munsell values. , 1991, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics and image science.

[8]  D Purves,et al.  An empirical explanation of brightness. , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[9]  G. Sperling,et al.  Contrast gain control in first- and second-order motion perception. , 1996, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[10]  D. Foster,et al.  Relational colour constancy from invariant cone-excitation ratios , 1994, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.

[11]  David H. Foster,et al.  An operational approach to colour constancy , 1992, Vision Research.

[12]  B. Julesz,et al.  Early visual perception. , 1981, Annual review of psychology.

[13]  Robert Tibshirani,et al.  An Introduction to the Bootstrap , 1994 .

[14]  T. Young,et al.  A Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy and the Mechanical Arts , 2010 .

[15]  D. B. Judd,et al.  Spectral Distribution of Typical Daylight as a Function of Correlated Color Temperature , 1964 .

[16]  D H Brainard,et al.  Color constancy in the nearly natural image. I. Asymmetric matches. , 1997, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[17]  A C Hurlbert,et al.  Measurements of Colour Constancy by Using a Forced-Choice Matching Technique , 1996, Perception.

[18]  D. Foster,et al.  Relational color constancy in achromatic and isoluminant images. , 2000, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[19]  D. Macleod,et al.  Color appearance depends on the variance of surround colors , 1997, Current Biology.

[20]  Anne Treisman,et al.  Preattentive processing in vision , 1985, Computer Vision Graphics and Image Processing.

[21]  A. Gilchrist,et al.  An anchoring theory of lightness perception. , 1999 .

[22]  Z Li,et al.  Contextual influences in V1 as a basis for pop out and asymmetry in visual search. , 1999, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[23]  Ken Nakayama,et al.  Serial and parallel processing of visual feature conjunctions , 1986, Nature.

[24]  E H Land,et al.  COLOR VISION AND THE NATURAL IMAGE PART II. , 1959, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[25]  A. Cowey,et al.  Discrimination of cone contrast changes as evidence for colour constancy in cerebral achromatopsia , 1998, Experimental Brain Research.

[26]  A Treisman,et al.  Feature analysis in early vision: evidence from search asymmetries. , 1988, Psychological review.

[27]  J. Beck,et al.  The effects of concentrated and distributed attention on peripheral acuity , 1973 .

[28]  M D'Zmura,et al.  Detection of contrary chromatic change. , 1994, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[29]  D. Brainard,et al.  Mechanisms of color constancy under nearly natural viewing. , 1999, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[30]  A. Treisman,et al.  A feature-integration theory of attention , 1980, Cognitive Psychology.

[31]  Edward K. Vogel,et al.  The capacity of visual working memory for features and conjunctions , 1997, Nature.

[32]  W. A. Phillips.  On the distinction between sensory storage and short-term visual memory , 1974 .

[33]  Q Zaidi,et al.  Color constancy in variegated scenes: role of low-level mechanisms in discounting illumination changes. , 1997, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[34]  V. Walsh,et al.  How does the cortex construct color? , 1999, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[35]  A. Hurlbert,et al.  Perception of three-dimensional shape influences colour perception through mutual illumination , 1999, Nature.

[36]  Michael D'Zmura,et al.  Color in visual search , 1991, Vision Research.

[37]  Karl R. Gegenfurtner,et al.  Selective Color Constancy Deficits after Circumscribed Unilateral Brain Lesions , 1999, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[38]  L. Arend,et al.  Simultaneous color constancy. , 1986, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics and image science.

[39]  James R. Bergen,et al.  Parallel versus serial processing in rapid pattern discrimination , 1983, Nature.

[40]  R. L. Valois,et al.  A multi-stage color model , 1993, Vision Research.

[41]  Susan L. Franzel,et al.  Guided search: an alternative to the feature integration model for visual search. , 1989, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[42]  D. M. Green,et al.  Signal detection theory and psychophysics , 1966 .

[43]  J. Parkkinen,et al.  Characteristic spectra of Munsell colors , 1989 .

[44]  Robert Tibshirani,et al.  An Introduction to the Bootstrap CHAPMAN & HALL/CRC , 1993 .

[45]  B. Wandell,et al.  Asymmetric color matching: how color appearance depends on the illuminant. , 1992, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics and image science.

[46]  Jeffrey N. Rouder,et al.  Assessing the roles of change discrimination and luminance integration: evidence for a hybrid race model of perceptual decision making in luminance discrimination. , 2000, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[47]  M. Webster,et al.  Colour constancy influenced by contrast adaptation , 1995, Nature.

[48]  M. Lévesque.  Perception , 1986, The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine.

[49]  A L Nagy,et al.  Visual search for color differences with foveal and peripheral vision. , 1990, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics and image science.

[50]  H. Orbach,et al.  Contrast discrimination, non–uniform patterns and change blindness , 1998, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.

[51]  Ronald A. Rensink.  Visual Search for Change: A Probe into the Nature of Attentional Processing , 2000 .

[52]  D H Foster,et al.  Dependence of Relational Colour Constancy on the Extraction of a Transient Signal , 1996, Perception.

[53]  D. Foster,et al.  Detecting natural changes of cone–excitation ratios in simple and complex coloured images , 1997, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.