Dengue: defining protective versus pathologic immunity.

Dengue is an expanding public health problem, and an effective vaccine remains elusive. This review discusses how the significant influence of sequential infection with different dengue virus serotypes on the severity of disease can be viewed in terms of beneficial and detrimental effects of heterologous immunity. A more complete understanding of these effects is likely to be critical for predicting optimal vaccine-induced immune responses.

[1]  A. Nisalak,et al.  Activation of T lymphocytes in dengue virus infections. High levels of soluble interleukin 2 receptor, soluble CD4, soluble CD8, interleukin 2, and interferon-gamma in sera of children with dengue. , 1991, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[2]  A. Nisalak,et al.  Analysis of plasma viral RNA levels during acute dengue virus infection using quantitative competitor reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction , 2001, Journal of medical virology.

[3]  J. Lang,et al.  Safety and immunogenicity of a three dose regimen of two tetravalent live-attenuated dengue vaccines in five- to twelve-year-old Thai children , 2004, The Pediatric infectious disease journal.

[4]  S. Halstead,et al.  Risk factors in dengue shock syndrome: a prospective epidemiologic study in Rayong, Thailand. I. The 1980 outbreak. , 1984, American journal of epidemiology.

[5]  S. Halstead,et al.  Antibody, macrophages, dengue virus infection, shock, and hemorrhage: a pathogenetic cascade. , 1989, Reviews of infectious diseases.

[6]  D. Gubler,et al.  Viraemia in patients with naturally acquired dengue infection. , 1981, Bulletin of the World Health Organization.

[7]  D. Vaughn,et al.  Attenuation and immunogenicity in humans of a live dengue virus type-4 vaccine candidate with a 30 nucleotide deletion in its 3'-untranslated region. , 2001, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.

[8]  A. Nisalak,et al.  Evidence that maternal dengue antibodies are important in the development of dengue hemorrhagic fever in infants. , 1988, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.

[9]  D. Hober,et al.  High levels of sTNFR p75 and TNF alpha in dengue-infected patients. , 1996, Microbiology and immunology.

[10]  S. E. Brodie.  New York, New York, USA , 1996 .

[11]  D. Hober,et al.  Serum Levels of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in Dengue-Infected Patients , 1993 .

[12]  S. Halstead,et al.  Measurement of antibody-dependent infection enhancement of four dengue virus serotypes by monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. , 1990, The Journal of general virology.

[13]  P. Malasit.  Complement and dengue haemorrhagic fever/shock syndrome. , 1987, The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health.

[14]  P. Glaziou,et al.  Correlation between detection of plasminogen cross-reactive antibodies and hemorrhage in dengue virus infection. , 1994, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[15]  S. Halstead.  Observations related to pathogensis of dengue hemorrhagic fever. VI. Hypotheses and discussion. , 1970, The Yale journal of biology and medicine.

[16]  A. Nisalak,et al.  Early CD 69 Expression on Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes from Children with Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever , 1999 .

[17]  A. Nisalak,et al.  Dengue-specific T cell responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained prior to secondary dengue virus infections in Thai schoolchildren. , 2002, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[18]  D. Gubler,et al.  Emergence and Global Spread of a Dengue Serotype 3, Subtype III Virus , 2003, Emerging infectious diseases.

[19]  P. Young,et al.  An Antigen Capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Reveals High Levels of the Dengue Virus Protein NS1 in the Sera of Infected Patients , 2000, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[20]  B. Falgout,et al.  Derivation and Characterization of a Dengue Type 1 Host Range-Restricted Mutant Virus That Is Attenuated and Highly Immunogenic in Monkeys , 2002, Journal of Virology.

[21]  S. Halstead.  5 – Immunological Parameters of Togavirus Disease Syndromes , 1980 .

[22]  D. Vaughn,et al.  Safety and immunogenicity of attenuated dengue virus vaccines (Aventis Pasteur) in human volunteers. , 2001, Vaccine.

[23]  A. Nisalak,et al.  Early immune activation in acute dengue illness is related to development of plasma leakage and disease severity. , 1999, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[24]  J. Farrar,et al.  Acute management of dengue shock syndrome: a randomized double-blind comparison of 4 intravenous fluid regimens in the first hour. , 2001, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[25]  GWONG‐JEN J. Chang,et al.  Flavivirus DNA Vaccines , 2001 .

[26]  F. Ennis,et al.  Dengue virus-specific, human CD4+ CD8- cytotoxic T-cell clones: multiple patterns of virus cross-reactivity recognized by NS3-specific T-cell clones , 1991, Journal of virology.

[27]  R. Rico-Hesse,et al.  American Genotype Structures Decrease Dengue Virus Output from Human Monocytes and Dendritic Cells , 2003, Journal of Virology.

[28]  J. Mascola,et al.  Human skin Langerhans cells are targets of dengue virus infection , 2000, Nature Medicine.

[29]  A. Davidson,et al.  Replication of dengue virus type 2 in human monocyte-derived macrophages: comparisons of isolates and recombinant viruses with substitutions at amino acid 390 in the envelope glycoprotein. , 2001, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.

[30]  S. Halstead.  In vivo enhancement of dengue virus infection in rhesus monkeys by passively transferred antibody. , 1979, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[31]  Tao Dong,et al.  Original antigenic sin and apoptosis in the pathogenesis of dengue hemorrhagic fever , 2003, Nature Medicine.

[32]  M. G. Guzmán Tirado,et al.  [Emergence of dengue hemorrhagic fever in the Americas. Reemergence of dengue]. , 1999, Revista cubana de medicina tropical.

[33]  A. Barrett.  Current Status of Flavivirus Vaccines , 2001, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[34]  D. Kwiatkowski,et al.  Pathophysiologic and prognostic role of cytokines in dengue hemorrhagic fever. , 1998, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[35]  D. Gubler,et al.  Epidemiology of dengue in Sri Lanka before and after the emergence of epidemic dengue hemorrhagic fever. , 2002, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.

[36]  A. Theofilopoulos,et al.  The Raji cell radioimmune assay for detecting immune complexes in human sera. , 1976, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[37]  A. Falconar,et al.  The dengue virus nonstructural-1 protein (NS1) generatesantibodies to common epitopes on human blood clotting,integrin/adhesin proteins and binds to humanendothelial cells: potential implications in haemorrhagic fever pathogenesis , 1997, Archives of Virology.

[38]  J. Schlesinger,et al.  Protection of mice against dengue 2 virus encephalitis by immunization with the dengue 2 virus non-structural glycoprotein NS1. , 1987, The Journal of general virology.

[39]  H. Müller-Eberhard,et al.  The potential pathogenic role of complement in dengue hemorrhagic shock syndrome. , 1973, The New England journal of medicine.

[40]  A. Fraire,et al.  Specific history of heterologous virus infections determines anti-viral immunity and immunopathology in the lung. , 2003, The American journal of pathology.

[41]  J. Rigau-Pérez.  The early use of break-bone fever (Quebranta huesos, 1771) and dengue (1801) in Spanish. , 1998, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.

[42]  A. Nisalak,et al.  Elevated plasma interleukin‐10 levels in acute dengue correlate with disease severity , 1999, Journal of medical virology.

[43]  F. Guirakhoo,et al.  Viremia and immunogenicity in nonhuman primates of a tetravalent yellow fever-dengue chimeric vaccine: genetic reconstructions, dose adjustment, and antibody responses against wild-type dengue virus isolates. , 2002, Virology.

[44]  G. Kuno,et al.  Flavivirus DNA vaccines: current status and potential. , 2001, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[45]  D. Gubler,et al.  Dengue/dengue hemorrhagic fever: the emergence of a global health problem. , 1995, Emerging infectious diseases.

[46]  N. Bhamarapravati,et al.  Live attenuated tetravalent dengue vaccine. , 2000, Vaccine.

[47]  C. Huang,et al.  Dengue 2 PDK-53 Virus as a Chimeric Carrier for Tetravalent Dengue Vaccine Development , 2003, Journal of Virology.

[48]  D. Vaughn,et al.  Modification of dengue virus strains by passage in primary dog kidney cells: preparation of candidate vaccines and immunization of monkeys. , 2003, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.

[49]  A. Rothman,et al.  Partial agonist effect influences the CTL response to a heterologous dengue virus serotype. , 1999, Journal of immunology.

[50]  Duane J. Gubler,et al.  Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever , 1998, Clinical Microbiology Reviews.

[51]  A. Nisalak,et al.  Early CD69 expression on peripheral blood lymphocytes from children with dengue hemorrhagic fever. , 1999, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[52]  A. Mustafa,et al.  Elevated levels of interleukin-13 and IL-18 in patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever. , 2001, FEMS immunology and medical microbiology.

[53]  P. Allen,et al.  Tickling the TCR: selective T-cell functions stimulated by altered peptide ligands. , 1993, Immunology today.

[54]  A. Sabin.  Research on dengue during World War II. , 1952, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.

[55]  D. Hober,et al.  High Levels of sTNFR p75 and TNFα in Dengue‐Infected Patients , 1996 .

[56]  M. Guzmán,et al.  Dengue hemorrhagic fever in Cuba, 1981: a retrospective seroepidemiologic study. , 1990, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.

[57]  D. Gubler,et al.  Epidemic dengue 3 in central Java, associated with low viremia in man. , 1981, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.

[58]  A. Rothman,et al.  Bystander Target Cell Lysis and Cytokine Production by Dengue Virus-Specific Human CD4+ Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Clones , 1999, Journal of Virology.

[59]  Fransisco P. Pinheiroa,et al.  Global situation of dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever , and its emergence in the Americas , 1998 .

[60]  L. Rosen,et al.  Dengue hemorrhagic fever. , 1996, Bulletin de la Societe de pathologie exotique.

[61]  F. Ennis,et al.  A single nine-amino acid peptide induces virus-specific, CD8+ human cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones of heterogeneous serotype specificities , 1995, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[62]  A. Nisalak,et al.  Dengue in the early febrile phase: viremia and antibody responses. , 1997, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[63]  A. Nisalak,et al.  Differing influences of virus burden and immune activation on disease severity in secondary dengue-3 virus infections. , 2002, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[64]  T. Kochel,et al.  Characterization of antibody responses to combinations of a dengue-2 DNA and dengue-2 recombinant subunit vaccine. , 2001, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.

[65]  D. Morens,et al.  Antibody-dependent enhancement of infection and the pathogenesis of viral disease. , 1994, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[66]  Wei Zhang,et al.  Structure of Dengue Virus Implications for Flavivirus Organization, Maturation, and Fusion , 2002, Cell.

[67]  F. Ennis,et al.  Human Dendritic Cells Are Activated by Dengue Virus Infection: Enhancement by Gamma Interferon and Implications for Disease Pathogenesis , 2001, Journal of Virology.

[68]  E. Chungue,et al.  Prospective study of the duration and magnitude of viraemia in children hospitalised during the 1996–1997 dengue‐2 outbreak in French Polynesia , 2000, Journal of medical virology.

[69]  F. Ennis,et al.  Definition of an epitope on NS3 recognized by human CD4+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones cross-reactive for dengue virus types 2, 3, and 4. , 1998, Virology.

[70]  A. Nisalak,et al.  A prospective study of dengue infections in Bangkok. , 1988, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.

[71]  S. Halstead,et al.  Original antigenic sin in dengue. , 1983, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.

[72]  B. M. Kaufman,et al.  Monoclonal antibodies against dengue 2 virus E-glycoprotein protect mice against lethal dengue infection. , 1987, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.

[73]  R. Houghten,et al.  Development of cross-reactive antibodies to plasminogen during the immune response to dengue virus infection. , 1991, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[74]  Alan L Rothman,et al.  Relationship of preexisting dengue virus (DV) neutralizing antibody levels to viremia and severity of disease in a prospective cohort study of DV infection in Thailand. , 2004, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[75]  E. Harris,et al.  Fluid Intake and Decreased Risk for Hospitalization for Dengue Fever, Nicaragua , 2003, Emerging infectious diseases.

[76]  D. Burke,et al.  Monoclonal antibodies for dengue virus prM glycoprotein protect mice against lethal dengue infection. , 1989, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.

[77]  S. Varga,et al.  Protective Heterologous Antiviral Immunity and Enhanced Immunopathogenesis Mediated by Memory T Cell Populations , 1998, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[78]  A. Nisalak,et al.  Early clinical and laboratory indicators of acute dengue illness. , 1997, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[79]  J. Roehrig,et al.  Monoclonal antibody mapping of the envelope glycoprotein of the dengue 2 virus, Jamaica. , 1998, Virology.

[80]  A. Nisalak,et al.  Antibody-dependent enhancement of dengue virus growth in human monocytes as a risk factor for dengue hemorrhagic fever. , 1989, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.

[81]  R. Schlesinger,et al.  Dengue Viruses , 1977, Virology Monographs Die Virusforschung in Einzeldarstellungen.

[82]  B. Innis,et al.  Progress in development of a live-attenuated, tetravalent dengue virus vaccine by the United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command. , 2003, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.

[83]  R. Rico-Hesse,et al.  Dengue Virus Structural Differences That Correlate with Pathogenesis , 1999, Journal of Virology.

[84]  B. Murphy,et al.  Temperature sensitive mutations in the genes encoding the NS1, NS2A, NS3, and NS5 nonstructural proteins of dengue virus type 4 restrict replication in the brains of mice , 2003, Archives of Virology.

[85]  A. Müllbacher,et al.  The flavivirus nonstructural protein NS3 is a dominant source of cytotoxic T cell peptide determinants. , 1994, Virology.

[86]  P. Allen,et al.  Altered peptide ligand-induced partial T cell activation: molecular mechanisms and role in T cell biology. , 1996, Annual review of immunology.

[87]  S. Halstead,et al.  Failure of secondary infection with American genotype dengue 2 to cause dengue haemorrhagic fever , 1999, The Lancet.

[88]  L. Rosen.  The Emperor's New Clothes revisited, or reflections on the pathogenesis of dengue hemorrhagic fever. , 1977, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.

[89]  M. Aye,et al.  Risk factors in dengue shock syndrome. , 1997, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.