How the present would have looked like? Impact of non-motorized transport and public transport infrastructure on travel behavior, energy consumption and CO2 emissions – Delhi, Pune and Patna

Abstract Transport sector is one of the major consumers of energy and contributor to pollution levels. The corresponding impact on environment is determined by the travel demand i.e. the city size and the transport infrastructure. In the study, we have explored three scenarios – improving bicycle infrastructure, improving bus infrastructure and improving both bicycle and bus infrastructure for three Indian cities – Delhi, Pune and Patna on travel behavior, fuel consumption and equivalent CO2 emissions. The impacts are studied on the existing travel patterns to understand what would have been the fuel consumption pattern and emission levels had the infrastructure improved some years back. With the help of building scenarios for existing situation we have therefore tried to reduce uncertainties and draw sole attention toward improving basic infrastructure in Indian cities. Even though same scenarios are assumed for the three cities the studied impacts vary with respect to the population size. The study therefore highlights the need to adopt different strategies according to city size. The study has shown that improving bus infrastructure along with bicycle infrastructure results in maximum decrease in equivalent CO2 emissions.

[1]  Jyoti K. Parikh,et al.  Transport scenarios in two metropolitan cities in India: Delhi and Mumbai , 2004 .

[2]  Geetam Tiwari,et al.  Does high capacity means high demand , 2006 .

[3]  O. Franco,et al.  Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: urban land transport , 2009, The Lancet.

[4]  Geetam Tiwari,et al.  Impact of public transport and non-motorized transport infrastructure on travel mode shares, energy, emissions and safety: Case of Indian cities , 2016 .

[5]  Aeo,et al.  Annual Energy Outlook 2008: With Projections to 2030 , 2008 .

[6]  Rajat Rastogi,et al.  Willingness to Shift to Walking or Bicycling to Access Suburban Rail: Case Study of Mumbai, India , 2010 .

[7]  Preston L. Schiller,et al.  An Introduction to Sustainable Transportation: Policy, Planning and Implementation , 2010 .

[8]  J P Schepers,et al.  How does a modal shift from short car trips to cycling affect road safety? , 2013, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[9]  Jiangping Zhou,et al.  Sustainable commute in a car-dominant city: Factors affecting alternative mode choices among university students , 2012 .

[10]  Geetam Tiwari.  Planning for non-motorized traffic: a prerequisite for sustainable transport system , 1999 .

[11]  Lee Schipper,et al.  Transport and Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Forecasts, Options Analysis, and Evaluation , 2009 .

[12]  R. Sheldon,et al.  STATED PREFERENCE METHODS. AN INTRODUCTION , 1988 .

[13]  Silvio Nocera,et al.  The Economic Impact of Greenhouse Gas Abatement through a Meta-Analysis: Valuation, Consequences and Implications in Terms of Transport Policy , 2015 .

[14]  Mattias Höjer,et al.  Backcasting images of the future city-Time and space for sustainable development in Stockholm , 2011 .

[15]  Ashish Verma,et al.  A study of acceptable trip distances using walking and cycling in Bangalore , 2014 .

[16]  Venkatachalam Thamizh Arasan,et al.  Estimating Modal Shift of Car Travelers to Bus on Introduction of Bus Priority System , 2009 .

[17]  Geetam Tiwari,et al.  Low Carbon Mobility Plans: A Case Study of Ludhiana, India☆ , 2013 .

[18]  Joachim Scheiner,et al.  Interrelations between travel mode choice and trip distance: trends in Germany 1976-2002 , 2010 .

[19]  B. Van Wee,et al.  Backcasting as a tool for sustainable transport policy making : The Environmental Sustainable Transport study in the Netherlands , 2004 .

[20]  P. Eng.  CO2 emissions from fuel combustion: highlights , 2009 .

[21]  Rakesh Kumar,et al.  Introduction of public bus transit in Indian cities , 2014 .

[22]  J. Pucher,et al.  Urban transport crisis in India , 2005 .

[23]  Priyadarshi R. Shukla,et al.  Low carbon scenarios for transport in India: Co-benefits analysis , 2015 .

[24]  Shinya Hanaoka,et al.  Environmental Impacts due to Urban Transport , 2004 .

[25]  P Vijesh,et al.  Willingness to Shift from Car to Bicycle- A Case Study of Calicut City , 2014 .

[26]  Lee Schipper,et al.  Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Land Transport in India , 2009 .

[27]  F. J. Wang,et al.  Integration of steam injection and inlet air cooling for a gas turbine generation system , 2004 .

[28]  A. Palma,et al.  Mode choices for trips to work in Geneva: an empirical analysis , 2000 .

[29]  R. Sheldon,et al.  Stated preference methods , 1988 .

[30]  Geetam Tiwari,et al.  Urban Transport Priorities: Meeting the Challenge of Socio-economic Diversity in Cities, a Case Study of Delhi, India , 2002 .

[31]  Geetam Tiwari,et al.  Evaluating bicyclists comfort and safety perception , 2010 .

[32]  Suresh Jain,et al.  Impact of increasing mass transit share on energy use and emissions from transport sector for National Capital Territory of Delhi , 2011 .

[33]  Maria Börjesson,et al.  Valuating perceived insecurity associated with use of and access to public transport , 2012 .

[34]  Jonathan Corcoran,et al.  Bus Rapid Transit: An examination of changes of travel patterns for journey to work and socio-demographic characteristics , 2013 .

[35]  D. Rojas-Rueda,et al.  Replacing car trips by increasing bike and public transport in the greater Barcelona metropolitan area: a health impact assessment study. , 2012, Environment international.

[36]  Philip J. Vergragt,et al.  Technological Forecasting & Social Change Backcasting for sustainability : Introduction to the special issue , 2011 .

[37]  Bart Degraeuwe,et al.  Limits to active transport substitution of short car trips , 2013 .

[38]  R. Cervero.  Road Expansion, Urban Growth, and Induced Travel: A Path Analysis , 2001 .

[39]  Robin Hickman,et al.  Transitions to Low Carbon Transport Futures. Strategic Conversations from London and Delhi , 2011 .

[40]  Venkatachalam Thamizh Arasan,et al.  Modelling Modal Shift from Personal Vehicles to Bus on Introduction of Bus Priority Measure , 2011 .

[41]  H. Meurs,et al.  Spatial structure and mobility , 2001 .

[42]  M. Dijst,et al.  The influence of socioeconomic characteristics, land use and travel time considerations on mode choice for medium- and longer-distance trips , 2006 .