Story Writing

The effects of a secondary academic intervention implemented within the context of a three-tiered, positive behavior support model were examined in this study. Second-grade students with limited writing skills who also had either externalizing or internalizing behavior patterns were identified for participation using schoolwide data. Students learned how to plan and write stories using the self-regulated strategy development model. Results of two multiple-probe designs, one for students with externalizing behaviors (three females, four males) and a second for students with internalizing behaviors (two females, four males), revealed lasting increases in story elements as well as improvements in story quality and length. Teachers and students rated the intervention favorably, with most reporting that the intervention exceeded their initial expectations. Limitations and directions for future research are presented.

[1]  D. Kamps,et al.  Prevention Strategies for At-Risk Students and Students with EBD in Urban Elementary Schools , 1999 .

[2]  F. Gresham,et al.  Interventions for Children With or At-Risk for Emotional and Behavioral Disorders , 2001 .

[3]  D M Baer,et al.  Some still-current dimensions of applied behavior analysis. , 1987, Journal of applied behavior analysis.

[4]  Jeffrey Ditterline Social Skills Rating System , 2008 .

[5]  J. Sattler Assessment of children, 3rd ed. , 1988 .

[6]  H. Pennypacker,et al.  Strategies and tactics of behavioral research, 2nd ed. , 1993 .

[7]  Kathleen Lynne Lane,et al.  Young Students At Risk for Antisocial Behavior: The Utility of Academic and Social Skills Interventions , 1999 .

[8]  Steve Graham,et al.  Powerful Writing Strategies for All Students , 2007 .

[9]  S. Graham,et al.  Students with learning disabilities and the process of writing: A meta-analysis of SRSD studies. , 2003 .

[10]  Maribeth Gettinger,et al.  Advances in school psychology , 1981 .

[11]  R. Freedle New directions in discourse processing , 1980 .

[12]  Mary Adkins Self-Regulated Strategy Development and Generalization Instruction: Effects on Story Writing Among Second and Third Grade Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders , 2005 .

[13]  Steve Graham,et al.  The Effects of Self-Regulated Strategy Development on the Writing Performance of Second-Grade Students With Behavioral and Writing Difficulties , 2008 .

[14]  R. Horner,et al.  School-Wide Behavior Support , 2000 .

[15]  F. Gresham,et al.  Antisocial behavior in school : evidence-based practices , 2004 .

[16]  E. Robertson,et al.  Supporting Middle School Students with Academic and Behavioral Concerns: A Methodological Illustration for Conducting Secondary Interventions within Three-Tiered Models of Support , 2007 .

[17]  James G. Shriner,et al.  Self-regulated strategy development instruction for writing an opinion essay: Effects for six students with emotional/behavior disorders , 2008 .

[18]  S. Graham,et al.  Primary Grade Writing Instruction: A National Survey. , 2008 .

[19]  S. R. Mathur,et al.  Handbook of research in emotional and behavioral disorders , 2004 .

[20]  R. West,et al.  Teaching Behaviorally Disordered Adolescents to Use Self-Management Skills for Improving the Completeness, Accuracy, and Neatness of Creative Writing Homework Assignments , 1990 .

[21]  S. Graham,et al.  Components analysis of cognitive strategy instruction: Effects on learning disabled students' compositions and self-efficacy. , 1989 .

[22]  Jemma Robertson Kalberg,et al.  Primary Prevention Programs at the Elementary Level: Issues of Treatment Integrity, Systematic Screening, and Reinforcement , 2008 .

[23]  M. Wolf,et al.  Social validity: the case for subjective measurement or how applied behavior analysis is finding its heart. , 1978, Journal of applied behavior analysis.

[24]  Charles A. MacArthur,et al.  Handbook of Writing Research , 2005 .

[25]  Teaching Self‐management Strategies for Independent Story Writing to Children with Classroom Behaviour Difficulties , 1985 .

[26]  N. Marchand-Martella,et al.  Maximizing Student Learning , 2002 .

[27]  S. Graham,et al.  Improving the Writing, Knowledge, and Motivation of Struggling Young Writers: Effects of Self-Regulated Strategy Development With and Without Peer Support , 2006 .

[28]  Stephen Graham,et al.  Explicitly Teaching Strategies, Skills, and Knowledge: Writing Instruction in Middle School Classrooms. , 2002 .

[29]  Steve Graham,et al.  Strategy Instruction and the Teaching of Writing: A Meta-Analysis. , 2006 .

[30]  S. Graham,et al.  Improving the writing performance, knowledge, and self-efficacy of struggling young writers: The effects of self-regulated strategy development , 2005 .

[31]  Bruce Saddler,et al.  Preventing Writing Difficulties: The Effects of Planning Strategy Instruction on the Writing Performance of Struggling Writers , 2004 .

[32]  Kathleen Lynne Lane,et al.  Academic Achievement of K-12 Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders , 2004 .

[33]  Kathleen Lynne Lane,et al.  Outcomes of a Teacher-Led Reading Intervention for Elementary Students at Risk for Behavioral Disorders , 2007 .

[34]  Torri Ortiz Lienemann,et al.  Self-Regulated Strategy Development for Written Expression with Students with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder , 2006 .

[35]  K. Lane,et al.  Student Risk Screening Scale , 2008 .

[36]  J. Wehby,et al.  Reading Instruction for Elementary-Age Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders: Academic and Behavioral Outcomes , 2005 .