Object Artifact, Image Artifacts and Conceptual Artifacts: Beyond the object into the Event
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When asked to respond to the question “what is an artifact?” I initially had several divergent responses. Because of my varied background and current position, I responded to thisquestion in three related but different ways: as an anthropologist (the area of my initial graduate training), as an art historian (the area of my Ph.D.), and as a professor of new media (my current position).
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[2] Donald A. Norman,et al. Cognitive artifacts , 1991 .
[3] John M. Carroll,et al. Designing Interaction: Psychology at the Human-Computer Interface , 1991 .