A Model for Organizational Interaction

a a qualquer tipo de entidade participante em interaccoes (incluindo pessoas) e, por outro lado, fornece modelos teoricos tanto para individuos como para interaccoes. Dado que o modelo distingue entre o conceito de agente e o papel representado pelo agente numa organizacao, e abstrai dos aspectos especificos da estrutura interna dos agentes, e possivel combinar numa estrutura OperA diferentes arquitecturas de agentes duma maneira muito flexivel, o que possibilita a descricao de sociedades abertas. OperA separa a especificacao das estruturas sociais (o Modelo de Organizacao) da descricao de objectivos individuais (o Modelo Social) e da descricao das interaccoes (o Modelo de Interaccao) e usa o conceito de contrato para combinar estes modelos e especificar instâncias especificas que reflectem as necessidades concretas do ambiente e participantes currentes. Ou seja, o foco de OperA nao e a representacao em si das entidades individuais, mas o desenho de ambientes em que essas entidades possam interagir duma maneira que combina a sua autonomia com as necessidades e esperancas da organizacao. Devido ao nivel de abstraccao de OperA, o modelo e apropriado tanto para a modelacao e estudo de organizacoes existentes, como para o desenvolvimento de sistemas de apoio em contextos organizationais. Devido ao facto que o desenvolvimento do modelo OperA e baseado numa visao social e colectiva de organizacoes, equivalente a ideias usadas em ciencias sociais e de gestao, estamos convencidos que OperA pode contribuir para o aceitamento de sistemas de agentes em organizacoes como uma maneira natural para a representacao e caracterizacao de sistemas complexos e inteligentes. A possibilidade de aplicacao practica de OperA e demonstrada com o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia de desenho para modelos OperA. Esta metodologia foi aplicada no desenvolvimento de varios casos de estudo, cobrindo aspectos diferentes de interaccao em ambientes organizados, desde a area de KM ate a modelos para mercados nao-monetarios para troca de servicos de saude. As possibilidades do modelo e conceitos desenvolvidos nesta tese e demonstrada por esta variadade de aplicacoes. Na area especifica de KM, OperA possibilita o uso de tecnologia no apoio da colaboracao entre utilisadores, de maneiras que contribuem para o enriquecimento da organizacao e levam em conta as motivacoes e requisitos individuais. Se bem que o objectivo principal desta investigacao tenha sido o desenvolvimento de aplicacoes practicas para apoio a gestao de conhecimentos, o desenvolvimento de uma teoria formal para o modelo OperA foi de grande importância. A Linguagem de Representacao de Contratos (LCR) baseada em logicas temporais e deonticas que apresentamos, e suficientemente expressiva para descrever sistemas de multi-agentes, pois torna possivel a descripcao e verificacao de contractos de interaccao entre agentes. A linguagem LCR foi tambem estendida com elementos ilocucionarios que permitem a formalizacao da comunicacao e fornece assim uma estrutura formal e uma semântica integrada para modelos OperA a todos os niveis (organizacao, social e interaccao). Devido a este facto, o formalismo LCR possibilita a representacao de dominios realistas e possiblita a verificacao formal da aplicacao de OperA a estes dominios.

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