Uric Acid and Cardiovascular Disease: An Update.

In recent years, serum uric acid (SUA) as a determinant of cardiovascular (CV) risk has gained interest. Epidemiological, experimental and clinical data show that patients with hyperuricaemia SUA are at increased risk of cardiac, renal and vascular damage and CV events. There is now some evidence to suggest that urate-lowering treatment may reduce CV risk in this group and, thus, may represent a new strategy in risk reduction.

[1]  M. Soma,et al.  Comparison of febuxostat and allopurinol for hyperuricemia in cardiac surgery patients with chronic kidney disease (NU-FLASH trial for CKD). , 2015, Journal of cardiology.

[2]  A. Dominiczak,et al.  Serum uric acid and the risk of cardiovascular and renal disease. , 2015, Journal of hypertension.

[3]  L. Tamariz,et al.  Association between serum uric acid and atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. , 2014, Heart rhythm.

[4]  C. Borghi,et al.  Uricaemia and ejection fraction in elderly heart failure outpatients , 2014, European journal of clinical investigation.

[5]  G. Mancia,et al.  Prognostic value of serum uric acid: new-onset in and out-of-office hypertension and long-term mortality , 2014, Journal of hypertension.

[6]  D. Kang,et al.  Uric Acid Puzzle: Dual Role as Anti-oxidantand Pro-oxidant , 2014, Electrolyte & blood pressure : E & BP.

[7]  E. Krishnan,et al.  Gout and the heart. , 2014, Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America.

[8]  David W. Johnson,et al.  Effects of uric acid-lowering therapy on renal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. , 2014, Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association.

[9]  Y. Huang,et al.  Uric acid and risk of heart failure: a systematic review and meta‐analysis , 2014, European journal of heart failure.

[10]  C. Borghi,et al.  Association between serum uric acid, hypertension, vascular stiffness and subclinical atherosclerosis: data from the Brisighella Heart Study , 2014, Journal of hypertension.

[11]  Lan Huang,et al.  Baseline serum uric acid level as a predictor of cardiovascular disease related mortality and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. , 2013, Atherosclerosis.

[12]  M. Lanaspa,et al.  Sugar, Uric Acid, and the Etiology of Diabetes and Obesity , 2013, Diabetes.

[13]  M. Soma,et al.  Comparison of febuxostat and allopurinol for hyperuricemia in cardiac surgery patients (NU-FLASH Trial). , 2013, Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society.

[14]  B. Afşar,et al.  The role of uric acid in the pathogenesis of human cardiovascular disease , 2013, Heart.

[15]  M. Chonchol,et al.  Uric acid as a target of therapy in CKD. , 2013, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

[16]  L. See,et al.  Significance of serum uric acid levels on the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. , 2013, Rheumatology.

[17]  D. Feig,et al.  Uric Acid Reduction Rectifies Prehypertension in Obese Adolescents , 2012, Hypertension.

[18]  Charles King,et al.  2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 1: Systematic nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapeutic approaches to hyperuricemia , 2012, Arthritis care & research.

[19]  W. White,et al.  Cardiovascular safety of febuxostat and allopurinol in patients with gout and cardiovascular comorbidities. , 2012, American heart journal.

[20]  E. Krishnan,et al.  Hyperuricemia and the echocardiographic measures of myocardial dysfunction. , 2012, Congestive heart failure.

[21]  S. Sindel,et al.  Uric Acid is an Important Predictor for Hypertensive Early Atherosclerosis , 2012, Advances in Therapy.

[22]  P. Schädlich,et al.  Association Between Gout and All-Cause as well as Cardiovascular Mortality: A Systematic Review , 2012, Current Rheumatology Reports.

[23]  K. Nakashima,et al.  [The Rotterdam study]. , 2011, Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine.

[24]  A. Takeshita,et al.  Hyperuricemia predicts adverse outcomes in patients with heart failure. , 2011, International journal of cardiology.

[25]  C. Lang,et al.  Allopurinol benefits left ventricular mass and endothelial dysfunction in chronic kidney disease. , 2011, Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN.

[26]  David W. Johnson,et al.  Challenges of conducting a trial of uric-acid-lowering therapy in CKD , 2011, Nature Reviews Nephrology.

[27]  C. Vlachopoulos,et al.  Uric acid levels, left ventricular mass and geometry in newly diagnosed, never treated hypertension , 2011, Journal of Human Hypertension.

[28]  Tong Liu,et al.  Uric acid levels and atrial fibrillation in hypertensive patients. , 2011, Internal medicine.

[29]  L. Tamariz,et al.  Uric acid as a predictor of all-cause mortality in heart failure: a meta-analysis. , 2011, Congestive heart failure.

[30]  C. Vlachopoulos,et al.  Association of serum uric acid level with aortic stiffness and arterial wave reflections in newly diagnosed, never-treated hypertension. , 2011, American journal of hypertension.

[31]  G. Mancia,et al.  Blood pressure control and cardiovascular risk profile in hypertensive patients from central and eastern European countries: results of the BP-CARE study. , 2011, European heart journal.

[32]  C. Rotimi,et al.  A genome-wide association study of serum uric acid in African Americans , 2011, BMC Medical Genomics.

[33]  J. Brophy,et al.  Gout, allopurinol use, and heart failure outcomes. , 2010, Archives of internal medicine.

[34]  G. Filippatos,et al.  Association between hyperuricemia and incident heart failure among older adults: a propensity-matched study. , 2010, International journal of cardiology.

[35]  G. Filippatos,et al.  Uric acid elevation in atrial fibrillation. , 2010, Hellenic journal of cardiology : HJC = Hellenike kardiologike epitheorese.

[36]  Duk-Hee Kang,et al.  Oxidative stress with an activation of the renin–angiotensin system in human vascular endothelial cells as a novel mechanism of uric acid-induced endothelial dysfunction , 2010, Journal of hypertension.

[37]  Yen-Ling Chen,et al.  Uric acid activates extracellular signal-regulated kinases and thereafter endothelin-1 expression in rat cardiac fibroblasts. , 2010, International journal of cardiology.

[38]  Hyon K. Choi,et al.  Hyperuricemia and coronary heart disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis , 2010, Arthritis care & research.

[39]  S. Anker,et al.  Uric Acid-Lowering Treatment With Benzbromarone in Patients With Heart Failure: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Crossover Preliminary Study , 2010, Circulation. Heart failure.

[40]  E. Krishnan.  Hyperuricemia and Incident Heart Failure , 2009, Circulation. Heart failure.

[41]  J. Stamler,et al.  S-Nitrosylation of Cardiac Ion Channels , 2009, Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology.

[42]  T. Murohara,et al.  Reactive oxidative metabolites are associated with atrial conduction disturbance in patients with atrial fibrillation. , 2009, Heart rhythm.

[43]  B. Rovin,et al.  Uric acid and cardiovascular risk. , 2009, The New England journal of medicine.

[44]  Lin Zhao,et al.  Xanthine oxidase inhibition with febuxostat attenuates systolic overload-induced left ventricular hypertrophy and dysfunction in mice. , 2008, Journal of cardiac failure.

[45]  Richard J. Johnson,et al.  Effect of allopurinol on blood pressure of adolescents with newly diagnosed essential hypertension: a randomized trial. , 2008, JAMA.

[46]  Joanne Brown,et al.  Impact of oxypurinol in patients with symptomatic heart failure. Results of the OPT-CHF study. , 2008, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[47]  Richard J. Johnson,et al.  Effect of Febuxostat on the Progression of Renal Disease in 5/6 Nephrectomy Rats with and without Hyperuricemia , 2008, Nephron Physiology.

[48]  A. Struthers,et al.  The role of urate and xanthine oxidase inhibitors in cardiovascular disease. , 2008, Cardiovascular therapeutics.

[49]  H. Makino,et al.  Uric acid stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and oxidative stress via the vascular renin–angiotensin system , 2008, Journal of hypertension.

[50]  Richard J. Johnson,et al.  Treatment with the xanthine oxidase inhibitor febuxostat lowers uric acid and alleviates systemic and glomerular hypertension in experimental hyperuricaemia. , 2007, Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association.

[51]  G. Mancia,et al.  Lack of association between serum uric acid and organ damage in a never-treated essential hypertensive population at low prevalence of hyperuricemia. , 2007, American journal of hypertension.

[52]  D. Pascual-Figal,et al.  Hyperuricaemia and long‐term outcome after hospital discharge in acute heart failure patients , 2007, European journal of heart failure.

[53]  A. Struthers,et al.  High-Dose Allopurinol Improves Endothelial Function by Profoundly Reducing Vascular Oxidative Stress and Not by Lowering Uric Acid , 2006, Circulation.

[54]  M. Iida,et al.  Gender-related association of serum uric acid and left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension. , 2006, Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society.

[55]  A. Hofman,et al.  Uric Acid Is a Risk Factor for Myocardial Infarction and Stroke: The Rotterdam Study , 2006, Stroke.

[56]  P Netter,et al.  EULAR evidence based recommendations for gout. Part II: Management. Report of a task force of the EULAR Standing Committee For International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutics (ESCISIT) , 2006, Annals of the rheumatic diseases.

[57]  T. Ogihara,et al.  Uric Acid, Left Ventricular Mass Index, and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Essential Hypertension , 2006, Hypertension.

[58]  T. Ogihara,et al.  and Yuhei Hypertension Uric Acid , Left Ventricular Mass Index , and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Essential , 2006 .

[59]  In-kyu Lee,et al.  Uric acid-induced C-reactive protein expression: implication on cell proliferation and nitric oxide production of human vascular cells. , 2005, Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN.

[60]  D. Galaris,et al.  Uric acid and oxidative stress. , 2005, Current pharmaceutical design.

[61]  A. J. Reyes.  The increase in serum uric acid concentration caused by diuretics might be beneficial in heart failure , 2005, European journal of heart failure.

[62]  G. Leoncini,et al.  Serum Uric Acid and Target Organ Damage in Primary Hypertension , 2005, Hypertension.

[63]  Roberto Sega,et al.  Prognostic Value of Ambulatory and Home Blood Pressures Compared With Office Blood Pressure in the General Population: Follow-Up Results From the Pressioni Arteriose Monitorate e Loro Associazioni (PAMELA) Study , 2005, Circulation.

[64]  A. Kurata,et al.  Sex-Related Differences in Relations of Uric Acid to Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Remodeling in Japanese Hypertensive Patients , 2005, Hypertension Research.

[65]  L. Niskanen,et al.  Uric acid level as a risk factor for cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in middle-aged men: a prospective cohort study. , 2004, Archives of internal medicine.

[66]  M. Elisaf,et al.  Effect of statins versus untreated dyslipidemia on serum uric acid levels in patients with coronary heart disease: a subgroup analysis of the GREek Atorvastatin and Coronary-heart-disease Evaluation (GREACE) study. , 2004, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

[67]  S. Daskalopoulou,et al.  The impact of serum uric acid on cardiovascular outcomes in the LIFE study. , 2004, Kidney international.

[68]  Ping Li,et al.  Uric Acid Stimulates Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein‐1 Production in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Via Mitogen‐Activated Protein Kinase and Cyclooxygenase‐2 , 2003, Hypertension.

[69]  P. Ponikowski,et al.  Uric Acid and Survival in Chronic Heart Failure: Validation and Application in Metabolic, Functional, and Hemodynamic Staging , 2003, Circulation.

[70]  L. Truong,et al.  A role for uric acid in the progression of renal disease. , 2002, Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN.

[71]  A. Struthers,et al.  Allopurinol Improves Endothelial Dysfunction in Chronic Heart Failure , 2002, Circulation.

[72]  Rainer Hambrecht,et al.  Effects of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibition With Allopurinol on Endothelial Function and Peripheral Blood Flow in Hyperuricemic Patients With Chronic Heart Failure: Results From 2 Placebo-Controlled Studies , 2002, Circulation.

[73]  J. Hughes,et al.  Elevated Uric Acid Increases Blood Pressure in the Rat by a Novel Crystal-Independent Mechanism , 2001, Hypertension.

[74]  M. Chung,et al.  Ascorbate Attenuates Atrial Pacing-Induced Peroxynitrite Formation and Electrical Remodeling and Decreases the Incidence of Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation , 2001, Circulation research.

[75]  D. Webb,et al.  Systemic uric acid administration increases serum antioxidant capacity in healthy volunteers. , 2001, Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology.

[76]  K. Tuttle,et al.  Sex differences in uric acid and risk factors for coronary artery disease. , 2001, The American journal of cardiology.

[77]  B. Culleton.  Uric acid and cardiovascular disease: a renal-cardiac relationship? , 2001, Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension.

[78]  F Santeusanio,et al.  Relation Between Serum Uric Acid and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Essential Hypertension: The PIUMA Study , 2000, Hypertension.

[79]  Jing Fang,et al.  Serum Uric Acid and Cardiovascular Mortality: The NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study, 1971-1992 , 2000 .

[80]  M. Alderman,et al.  Serum uric acid and cardiovascular mortality the NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study, 1971-1992. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. , 2000, JAMA.

[81]  F. Nieto,et al.  Uric acid and serum antioxidant capacity: a reaction to atherosclerosis? , 2000, Atherosclerosis.

[82]  Daniel Levy,et al.  Serum Uric Acid and Risk for Cardiovascular Disease and Death: The Framingham Heart Study , 1999, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[83]  M. Alderman,et al.  Serum uric acid and cardiovascular events in successfully treated hypertensive patients. , 1999, Hypertension.

[84]  L. Niskanen,et al.  Serum uric acid is a strong predictor of stroke in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. , 1998, Stroke.

[85]  A. Folsom,et al.  Correlates of uric acid and its association with asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis: the ARIC Study. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities. , 1996, Annals of epidemiology.

[86]  R. Dean,et al.  Human atherosclerotic plaque contains both oxidized lipids and relatively large amounts of alpha-tocopherol and ascorbate. , 1995, Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology.

[87]  T. Byers,et al.  Relation of serum uric acid to mortality and ischemic heart disease. The NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. , 1995, American journal of epidemiology.

[88]  A. Camm,et al.  Free radicals irreversibly decrease Ca2+ currents in isolated guinea-pig ventricular myocytes. , 1995, European journal of pharmacology.

[89]  W. Rathmann,et al.  Association of elevated serum uric acid with coronary heart disease in diabetes mellitus. , 1993, Diabete & metabolisme.

[90]  W. Kannel,et al.  Gout and coronary heart disease: the Framingham Study. , 1988, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[91]  J F Toole,et al.  Risk factors for extracranial carotid artery atherosclerosis. , 1987, Stroke.

[92]  D. Mccarty,et al.  Release of platelet constituents by monosodium urate crystals. , 1977, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[93]  B. Klein,et al.  Serum Uric Acid: Its Relationship to Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors and Cardiovascular Disease, Evans County, Georgia , 1973 .

[94]  A. Haig.  On Uric Acid and Arterial Tension , 1889, British medical journal.