Detection of Urea Adulteration in Milk Using Near-Infrared Raman Spectroscopy

We report results of a spectroscopic study to assess the applicability of near-infrared Raman spectroscopy for quantitative determination of urea adulteration in milk without any preprocessing requirement. Different batches of milk adulteration were prepared with each batch containing milk samples added with urea at various concentrations ranging from 10 to 1,000 mg/dl. The Raman spectra were measured from these urea-mixed milk samples with a Raman spectroscopy setup that incorporates a 785-nm diode laser for Raman excitation. An algorithm based on partial least square (PLS) regression was developed to quantitatively predict the concentration of urea based on the measured sets of Raman spectra of the urea-mixed milk samples. The results showed that Raman spectroscopy in combination with the PLS-based chemometric algorithm could detect urea mixed in milk samples with an accuracy of >90 %.

[1]  A. Materny,et al.  Direct Determination of Unsaturation Level of Milk Fat Using Raman Spectroscopy , 2012, Applied spectroscopy.

[2]  Bansi D. Malhotra,et al.  Recent developments in urea biosensors , 2009 .

[3]  Keith C. Gordon,et al.  Raman spectroscopic quantification of milk powder constituents. , 2010, Analytica chimica acta.

[4]  Shovan K. Majumder,et al.  Range-independent background subtraction algorithm for recovery of Raman spectra of biological tissue , 2012 .

[5]  Jitendra Paliwal,et al.  Near-infrared spectroscopy and imaging in food quality and safety , 2007 .

[6]  J. Steinier,et al.  Smoothing and differentiation of data by simplified least square procedure. , 1972, Analytical chemistry.

[7]  Pervez Mustajab,et al.  Determining the adulteration of natural milk with synthetic milk using ac conductance measurement , 2006 .

[8]  R. Barnes,et al.  Standard Normal Variate Transformation and De-Trending of Near-Infrared Diffuse Reflectance Spectra , 1989 .

[9]  Royston Goodacre,et al.  Fingerprinting Food: Current Technologies for the Detection of Food Adulteration and Contamination , 2012 .

[10]  Klaus Danzer,et al.  GUIDELINES FOR CALIBRATION IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY , 1998 .

[11]  E. Li-Chan,et al.  The applications of Raman spectroscopy in food science , 1996 .

[12]  M. Luzzana,et al.  Urea determination in milk by a differential pH technique , 1999 .

[13]  Karla D. Thrall,et al.  Optical Spectroscopy and Multivariate Analysis for Biodosimetry and Monitoring of Radiation Injury to the Skin , 2012 .

[14]  Rajan Sharma,et al.  A method for estimation of urea using ammonia electrode and its applicability to milk samples , 2008, Journal of Dairy Research.

[15]  M. Delwiche,et al.  Chemical assay of urea for automated sensing in milk. , 1999, Journal of dairy science.

[16]  J. L. Clark,et al.  Infrared Milk Analysis — Challenges for the Future , 1989 .

[17]  Sunil Bhand,et al.  Flow injection analysis biosensor for urea analysis in adulterated milk using enzyme thermistor. , 2010, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[18]  H. Edwards,et al.  Using portable Raman spectrometers for the identification of organic compounds at low temperatures and high altitudes: exobiological applications , 2010, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[19]  P. Kumari,et al.  A rapid estimation of urea in adulterated milk using dry reagent strip , 2000 .

[20]  Da-Wen Sun,et al.  Modern Techniques for Food Authentication , 2008 .

[21]  Paul S. Francis,et al.  Analytical methodology for the determination of urea: current practice and future trends , 2002 .

[22]  P. W. Hansen.  UREA DETERMINATION IN MILK USING FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY AND MULTIVARIATE CALIBRATION , 1998 .

[23]  B. Kowalski,et al.  Partial least-squares regression: a tutorial , 1986 .

[24]  E. V. Thomas,et al.  Partial least-squares methods for spectral analyses. 1. Relation to other quantitative calibration methods and the extraction of qualitative information , 1988 .

[25]  Pinkie Jacob Eravuchira,et al.  Fast determination of milk fat content using Raman spectroscopy , 2011 .

[26]  G. Downey,et al.  Recent technological advances for the determination of food authenticity , 2006 .

[27]  Yankun Peng,et al.  Development of a Raman chemical imaging detection method for authenticating skim milk powder , 2014, Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization.

[28]  K Divakar Rao,et al.  Depth-sensitive Raman spectroscopy combined with optical coherence tomography for layered tissue analysis. , 2014, Journal of biophotonics.

[29]  C. Van Alsenoy,et al.  Vibrational Analysis of Urea , 1999 .

[30]  A. O. Rangel,et al.  Enzymatic determination of urea in milk by sequential injection with spectrophotometric and conductometric detection. , 2004, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.

[31]  K. Kalscheur,et al.  Evaluation of models to estimate urinary nitrogen and expected milk urea nitrogen. , 2002, Journal of dairy science.

[32]  Klaus Danzer,et al.  Guidelines for calibration in analytical chemistry. Part I. Fundamentals and single component calibration (IUPAC Recommendations 1998) , 1998 .

[33]  J. Lima,et al.  Flow injection system with potentiometric detection for the determination of urea content in milks. , 1998 .

[34]  Rekha S. Singhal,et al.  An approach to the detection of synthetic milk in dairy milk: 1. Detection of urea. , 2000 .

[35]  C. J. Panchal,et al.  Potentiometric biosensor for urea determination in milk , 2009 .

[36]  Jinghang Wu,et al.  Screening melamine adulterant in milk powder with laser Raman spectrometry , 2010 .

[37]  M. Pelletier,et al.  Quantitative Analysis Using Raman Spectrometry , 2003, Applied spectroscopy.

[38]  Jianwei Qin,et al.  A Raman chemical imaging system for detection of contaminants in food , 2011, Defense + Commercial Sensing.

[39]  Jianwei Qin,et al.  Simultaneous detection of multiple adulterants in dry milk using macro-scale Raman chemical imaging. , 2013, Food chemistry.