Mode-locked, 1.94-μm, all-fiberized laser using WS₂ based evanescent field interaction.

We demonstrate the use of an all-fiberized, mode-locked 1.94 μm laser with a saturable absorption device based on a tungsten disulfide (WS2)-deposited side-polished fiber. The WS2 particles were prepared via liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) without centrifugation. A series of measurements including Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed that the prepared particles had thick nanostructures of more than 5 layers. The prepared saturable absorption device used the evanescent field interaction mechanism between the oscillating beam and WS2 particles and its modulation depth was measured to be ~10.9% at a wavelength of 1925 nm. Incorporating the WS2-based saturable absorption device into a thulium-holmium co-doped fiber ring cavity, stable mode-locked pulses with a temporal width of ~1.3 ps at a repetition rate of 34.8 MHz were readily obtained at a wavelength of 1941 nm. The results of this experiment confirm that WS2 can be used as an effective broadband saturable absorption material that is suitable to passively generate pulses at 2 μm wavelengths.

[1]  Joonhoi Koo,et al.  A Q-switched, mode-locked fiber laser using a graphene oxide-based polarization sensitive saturable absorber , 2013 .

[2]  Zhipei Sun,et al.  Nanotube and graphene saturable absorbers for fibre lasers , 2013, Nature Photonics.

[3]  Meng Liu,et al.  Femtosecond pulse erbium-doped fiber laser by a few-layer MoS(2) saturable absorber. , 2014, Optics letters.

[4]  F. Kärtner,et al.  Semiconductor saturable absorber mirrors (SESAM's) for femtosecond to nanosecond pulse generation in solid-state lasers , 1996 .

[5]  James O'Gorman,et al.  Narrow linewidth, tunable Tm/sup 3+/-doped fluoride fiber laser for optical-based hydrocarbon gas sensing , 1997 .

[6]  Wang Yao,et al.  Optical signature of symmetry variations and spin-valley coupling in atomically thin tungsten dichalcogenides , 2012, Scientific Reports.

[7]  Zhengqian Luo,et al.  Widely-tunable, passively Q-switched erbium-doped fiber laser with few-layer MoS2 saturable absorber. , 2014, Optics express.

[8]  Meng Liu,et al.  Microfiber-based few-layer MoS2 saturable absorber for 2.5 GHz passively harmonic mode-locked fiber laser. , 2014, Optics express.

[9]  Jens Limpert,et al.  Femtosecond vs. Picosecond Laser Material Processing , 2010 .

[10]  M. W. Phillips,et al.  Atmospheric CO2 measurements with a 2 μm airborne laser absorption spectrometer employing coherent detection. , 2011, Applied optics.

[11]  S. Yamashita,et al.  Single-walled carbon nanotubes for high-energy optical pulse formation , 2008 .

[12]  Kwanil Lee,et al.  Mode-locked pulse generation from an all-fiberized, Tm-Ho-codoped fiber laser incorporating a graphene oxide-deposited side-polished fiber. , 2013, Optics express.

[13]  D. Tang,et al.  Coherent energy exchange between components of a vector soliton in fiber lasers. , 2008, Optics express.

[14]  Fabian Rotermund,et al.  All-fiber Er-doped dissipative soliton laser based on evanescent field interaction with carbon nanotube saturable absorber. , 2010, Optics express.

[15]  R I Woodward,et al.  Wideband saturable absorption in few-layer molybdenum diselenide (MoSe₂) for Q-switching Yb-, Er- and Tm-doped fiber lasers. , 2015, Optics express.

[16]  Hermann A. Haus,et al.  Broadly tunable sub‐500 fs pulses from an additive‐pulse mode‐locked thulium‐doped fiber ring laser , 1995 .

[17]  J. Taylor,et al.  Tm-doped fiber laser mode-locked by graphene-polymer composite. , 2012, Optics express.

[18]  S. Yoon,et al.  Dry Etched Waveguide Laser Diode on GeOI , 2015, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics.

[19]  K. Abramski,et al.  All-polarization maintaining, graphene-based femtosecond Tm-doped all-fiber laser. , 2015, Optics express.

[20]  Qian Wang,et al.  High average power picosecond pulse generation from a thulium-doped all-fiber MOPA system. , 2012, Optics express.

[21]  Jaroslaw Sotor,et al.  Thulium-doped all-fiber laser mode-locked by CVD-graphene/PMMA saturable absorber. , 2013, Optics express.

[22]  J. Shan,et al.  Atomically thin MoS₂: a new direct-gap semiconductor. , 2010, Physical review letters.

[23]  C. Roxlo,et al.  Optical absorption and catalytic activity of molybdenum sulfide edge surfaces , 1986 .

[24]  Liangmo Mei,et al.  Broadband Few‐Layer MoS2 Saturable Absorbers , 2014, Advanced materials.

[25]  Zhengqian Luo,et al.  1.06 μm Q-switched ytterbium-doped fiber laser using few-layer topological insulator Bi₂Se₃ as a saturable absorber. , 2013, Optics express.

[26]  Yishan Wang,et al.  Mode-locked thulium-doped fiber laser with a narrow bandwidth and high pulse energy , 2012 .

[27]  Steven G. Louie,et al.  Probing excitonic dark states in single-layer tungsten disulphide , 2014, Nature.

[28]  Yong-Won Song,et al.  Graphene mode-lockers for fiber lasers functioned with evanescent field interaction , 2010 .

[29]  K. Yasumoto,et al.  Tunable Optical Filter Based on Gold and Silver Double-Sided Gratings and its Application as Plasmonic Sensor , 2014, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[30]  M. Jablonski,et al.  Laser mode locking using a saturable absorber incorporating carbon nanotubes , 2004, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[31]  Jia Xu,et al.  Pulse-shaping mechanisms in passively mode-locked thulium-doped fiber lasers. , 2015, Optics express.

[32]  Junsu Lee,et al.  All-fiberized, passively Q-switched 1.06 μm laser using a bulk-structured Bi2Te3 topological insulator , 2014 .

[33]  Timothy C. Berkelbach,et al.  Observation of Excitonic Rydberg States in Monolayer MoS2 and WS2 by Photoluminescence Excitation Spectroscopy. , 2015, Nano letters.

[34]  Shuangchun Wen,et al.  Ultra-short pulse generation by a topological insulator based saturable absorber , 2012 .

[35]  Junsu Lee,et al.  All-normal-dispersion dissipative-soliton fiber laser at 1.06 µm using a bulk-structured Bi2Te3 topological insulator-deposited side-polished fiber , 2014 .

[36]  Zhenhua Ni,et al.  Atomic‐Layer Graphene as a Saturable Absorber for Ultrafast Pulsed Lasers , 2009, 0910.5820.

[37]  S. Jiang,et al.  Mode-locked 2 mum laser with highly thulium-doped silicate fiber. , 2009, Optics letters.

[38]  Hua Zhang,et al.  The chemistry of two-dimensional layered transition metal dichalcogenide nanosheets. , 2013, Nature chemistry.

[39]  Zhengqian Luo,et al.  1-, 1.5-, and 2-μm Fiber Lasers Q-Switched by a Broadband Few-Layer MoS2 Saturable Absorber , 2014, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[40]  S. Yamashita,et al.  Saturable absorbers incorporating carbon nanotubes directly synthesized onto substrates and fibers and their application to mode-locked fiber lasers. , 2004, Optics letters.

[41]  Jaroslaw Sotor,et al.  Mode-locking in Er-doped fiber laser based on mechanically exfoliated Sb_2Te_3 saturable absorber , 2014 .

[42]  Kristel D. Polder,et al.  Treatment of Melasma Using a Novel 1,927‐nm Fractional Thulium Fiber Laser: A Pilot Study , 2012, Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.].

[43]  K. Sugioka,et al.  Ultrafast lasers—reliable tools for advanced materials processing , 2014, Light: Science & Applications.

[44]  Zhipei Sun,et al.  A stable, wideband tunable, near transform-limited, graphene-mode-locked, ultrafast laser , 2010 .

[45]  Qing Wang,et al.  Mode-Locked Tm–Ho-Codoped Fiber Laser at 2.06 $\mu$ m , 2011, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[46]  Junsu Lee,et al.  A femtosecond pulse erbium fiber laser incorporating a saturable absorber based on bulk-structured Bi2Te3 topological insulator. , 2014, Optics express.

[47]  S. Jackson Towards high-power mid-infrared emission from a fibre laser , 2012, Nature Photonics.

[48]  Zhengqian Luo,et al.  Topological-Insulator Passively Q-Switched Double-Clad Fiber Laser at 2 $\mu$m Wavelength , 2014, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics.

[49]  Sammy W. Henderson,et al.  Coherent laser radar at 2 μm using solid-state lasers , 1993, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[50]  Shinji Yamashita,et al.  Carbon nanotube mode lockers with enhanced nonlinearity via evanescent field interaction in D-shaped fibers. , 2007, Optics letters.

[51]  S. Wen,et al.  Broadband nonlinear optical response in multi-layer black phosphorus: an emerging infrared and mid-infrared optical material. , 2015, Optics express.

[52]  Qing Hua Wang,et al.  Electronics and optoelectronics of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides. , 2012, Nature nanotechnology.

[53]  S. Wen,et al.  Molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) as a broadband saturable absorber for ultra-fast photonics. , 2014, Optics express.

[54]  D. Basko,et al.  Graphene mode-locked ultrafast laser. , 2009, ACS nano.

[55]  Meng Zhang,et al.  Few-layer MoS 2 saturable absorbers for short-pulse laser technology: current status and future perspectives [Invited] , 2015 .

[56]  David J. Richardson,et al.  High power fiber lasers: current status and future perspectives [Invited] , 2010 .

[57]  J R Taylor,et al.  Tunable Q-switched fiber laser based on saturable edge-state absorption in few-layer molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂). , 2014, Optics express.

[58]  R. Zeis,et al.  High-mobility field-effect transistors based on transition metal dichalcogenides , 2004 .

[59]  S. Yamashita,et al.  A Tutorial on Nonlinear Photonic Applications of Carbon Nanotube and Graphene , 2012, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[60]  B E Bouma,et al.  Optical Coherence Tomographic Imaging of Human Tissue at 1.55 μm and 1.81 μm Using Er- and Tm-Doped Fiber Sources. , 1998, Journal of biomedical optics.

[61]  B. Hong,et al.  All-fiber dissipative soliton laser with 10.2 nJ pulse energy using an evanescent field interaction with graphene saturable absorber , 2013 .

[62]  Weisheng Hu,et al.  Mode-locked thulium fiber laser with MoS2 , 2015 .

[63]  O. Okhotnikov,et al.  Mode-locked ytterbium fiber laser tunable in the 980-1070-nm spectral range. , 2003, Optics letters.

[64]  Shuangchun Wen,et al.  Self-Assembled Topological Insulator: Bi$_{2}$Se$_{3}$ Membrane as a Passive Q-Switcher in an Erbium-Doped Fiber Laser , 2013, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[65]  Shuangchun Wen,et al.  Ytterbium-doped fiber laser passively mode locked by few-layer Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) saturable absorber functioned with evanescent field interaction , 2014, Scientific Reports.

[66]  Junsu Lee,et al.  A femtosecond pulse fiber laser at 1935 nm using a bulk-structured Bi2Te3 topological insulator. , 2014, Optics express.

[67]  J. Coleman,et al.  Two-Dimensional Nanosheets Produced by Liquid Exfoliation of Layered Materials , 2011, Science.

[68]  Shuangchen Ruan,et al.  Microfiber-based WS 2 -film saturable absorber for ultra-fast photonics , 2015 .

[69]  Kevin P. Chen,et al.  All-fiber passively mode-locked thulium-doped fiber ring laser using optically deposited graphene saturable absorbers , 2013 .

[70]  Reza Khazaeinezhad,et al.  All-fiber Er-doped Q-Switched laser based on Tungsten Disulfide saturable absorber , 2015 .

[71]  A. Ramasubramaniam Large excitonic effects in monolayers of molybdenum and tungsten dichalcogenides , 2012 .

[72]  Jörg Neumann,et al.  Ultrafast, stretched-pulse thulium-doped fiber laser with a fiber-based dispersion management. , 2012, Optics letters.

[73]  Ingmar Hartl,et al.  Ultrafast fibre lasers , 2013, Nature Photonics.

[74]  Junsu Lee,et al.  Passively Q-Switched 1.89-μm Fiber Laser Using a Bulk-Structured Bi2Te3 Topological Insulator , 2015, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics.

[75]  Jianlin Zhao,et al.  WS2 mode-locked ultrafast fiber laser , 2015, Scientific Reports.

[76]  S. Kelly,et al.  Characteristic sideband instability of periodically amplified average soliton , 1992 .

[77]  C. Roxlo,et al.  Bulk and surface optical absorption in molybdenum disulfide , 1987 .

[78]  Shayne Bennetts,et al.  High-power 83 W holmium-doped silica fiber laser operating with high beam quality. , 2007, Optics letters.