Risk Assessment and Management of Offshore Structures

Abstract During the past 30 years, reliability based risk assessment & management processes have been developed and applied in assessing and maintaining the integrity of a worldwide infrastructure of offshore structure systems. These systems are characterized as a combination of structures, hardware / equipment, operating personnel, organizations, environments and the interfaces between these components. Background on current and future trends in development of comprehensive programs to help improve the quality and reliability of offshore structure systems are outlined. The importance and characteristics of human and organizational factors are discussed. A combination of proactive, reactive, and interactive approaches have been developed that employ three strategies to achieve desirable quality and reliability: reduce likelihoods of malfunctions, increase detection and correction of malfunctions, and decrease the effects and consequences of malfunctions. System robustness and fail-safe design are key elements of the third strategy. Experience is now showing that implementation of these advanced approaches is more often marked with failure than success. Creation of high reliability organizations is not quick, easy, or free and experience with implementation in seven international oil and gas production organizations is summarized.

[1]  P. Carr,et al.  A Probabilistic Strategy for Subsea Inspection of Steel Structures , 1986 .

[2]  Robert G. Bea.  Performance Shaping Factors in Reliability Analysis of Design of Offshore Structures , 2000 .

[3]  Patrick Lagadec,et al.  Preventing Chaos in a Crisis: Strategies for Prevention, Control and Damage Limitation , 1993 .

[4]  Arwen Mohun,et al.  The Limits of Safety: Organizations, Accidents, and Nuclear Weapons , 1993 .

[5]  T. Aven,et al.  Expressing and interpreting the results of quantitative risk analyses. Review and discussion , 1998 .

[6]  P Trichilo.  ENGINEERING FOR SAFETY , 1987 .

[7]  Harold S. Blackman,et al.  Human Reliability and Safety Analysis Data Handbook , 1993 .

[8]  J. E. Groves,et al.  Made in America: Science, Technology and American Modernist Poets , 1989 .

[9]  Rhona Flin,et al.  Identifying the Right Stuff: Selecting and Training On‐Scene Emergency Commanders , 1995 .

[10]  James T. Reason,et al.  Tripod Delta: Proactive Approach to Enhanced Safety , 1994 .

[11]  Dietrich Dorner,et al.  The Logic of Failure: Why Things Go Wrong and What We Can Do to Make Them Right , 1996 .

[12]  James T. Reason,et al.  Managing the risks of organizational accidents , 1997 .

[13]  Karlene H. Roberts,et al.  New challenges in organizational research: high reliability organizations , 1989 .

[14]  Vicki M. Bier.  Challenges to the Acceptance of Probabilistic Risk Analysis , 1999 .

[15]  Andrzej S. Nowak,et al.  Structural reliability as applied to highway bridges , 2000 .

[16]  Richard B. Jones.  Risk-based management : a reliability-centered approach , 1995 .

[17]  Vlasta Molak,et al.  Fundamentals of Risk Analysis and Risk Management , 1996 .

[18]  Marvin Rausand,et al.  Reliability centered maintenance , 1998 .

[19]  Harold A. Linstone,et al.  Tradeoffs: Imperatives of choice in a high-tech world: Edward Wenk, Jr., Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1986, 231 pages, $19.95 , 1988 .

[20]  C. Guedes Soares.  Risk and reliability in marine technology , 1998 .

[21]  E. Tenner.  Why things bite back : technology and the revenge of unintended consequences , 1996 .

[22]  D. L. Simms,et al.  Normal Accidents: Living with High-Risk Technologies , 1986 .

[23]  Nils-Eric Sahlin,et al.  Future risks and risk management , 1996 .

[24]  B. Fischhoff,et al.  Hindsight is not equal to foresight: The effect of outcome knowledge on judgment under uncertainty. , 1975 .

[25]  Torgeir Moan,et al.  Current Trends In the Safety of Offshore Structures , 1997 .

[26]  C. Wickens,et al.  Workload transition: Implications for individual and team performance. , 1993 .

[27]  W. Edwards Deming,et al.  Out of the Crisis , 1982 .

[28]  Y. Haimes,et al.  A Survey of Approaches for Assessing and Managing the Risk of Extremes , 1999 .

[29]  Robert G. Bea,et al.  Quantitative & Qualitative Risk Analyses - The Safety of Offshore Platforms , 1996 .

[30]  C. Guedes Soares.  Probabilistic methods for structural design , 1997 .

[31]  C. F. Larry.  UNDERSTANDING THE CHALLENGER DISASTER: ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND THE DESIGN OF RELIABLE SYSTEMS , 1993 .

[32]  Robert G. Bea.  Human and Organization Errors in Reliability of Offshore Structures , 1997 .

[33]  Gary Herrin,et al.  A guide to practical human reliability assessment , 1996 .

[34]  A. G. Hessami.  Risk management: A systems paradigm , 1999 .

[35]  S. B. Haber,et al.  Influence of organizational factors on performance reliability. Overview and detailed methodological development: Volume 1 , 1991 .

[36]  K. Weick.  FROM SENSEMAKING IN ORGANIZATIONS , 2021, The New Economic Sociology.

[37]  Andrew Hale,et al.  After the Event: From Accident to Organisational Learning , 1998 .

[38]  David Woods,et al.  Risk and human performance: Measuring the potential for disaster , 1990 .

[39]  Mark G. Stewart,et al.  CHECKING MODELS IN STRUCTURAL DESIGN , 1989 .

[40]  D. Okrent,et al.  On the Inclusion of Organizational and Managerial Influences in Probabilistic Safety Assessments of Nuclear Power Plants , 1991 .

[41]  Michael Havbro Faber.  Risk Based Structural Maintenance Planning , 1997 .

[42]  Karl E. Weick,et al.  THE NEGLECTED CONTEXT OF RISK ASSESSMENT: A MINDSET FOR METHOD CHOICE , 2000 .

[43]  B. K. N. Rao,et al.  An Engineer’s View of Human Error , 1993 .

[44]  Andrew Hopkins,et al.  Lessons from Longford: The ESSO Gas Plant Explosion , 2000 .

[45]  R. M. Alexander,et al.  Sources of Power , 1982 .

[46]  Sanford Schreiber,et al.  Guidelines for technical management of chemical process safety , 1991 .

[47]  Peter W. Marshall,et al.  Rick Evaluations for Offshore Structures , 1969 .

[48]  D. Norman,et al.  New technology and human error , 1989 .

[49]  Robert G. Bea,et al.  Selection of Environmental Criteria For Offshore Platform Design , 1974 .

[50]  Douglas H. Harris,et al.  Human factors in quality assurance , 1969 .

[51]  Jan Erik Vinnem,et al.  Evaluation of methodology for QRA in offshore operations , 1998 .

[52]  Hamid R. Kavianian.  Guidelines for preventing human error in process safety. Center for Chemical Process Safety, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, NY, (1994), 390 Pages, [ISBN No.:0‐8169‐0461‐8], U.S. List Price: $140.00 , 1996 .

[53]  A. D. Swain,et al.  Handbook of human-reliability analysis with emphasis on nuclear power plant applications. Final report , 1983 .

[54]  Bruce Ellingwood,et al.  Development of a probability based load criterion for American National Standard A58 , 1980 .

[55]  Arthur L. Norberg,et al.  Trapped in the net: The unanticipated consequences of computerization , 1998 .

[56]  J. Shaoul.  Human Error , 1973, Nature.

[57]  David Okrent,et al.  Man-made disasters , 1998 .

[58]  T. Kletz.  An Engineer’s View of Human Error , 1991 .

[59]  K. Roberts.  New Challenges to Understanding Organizations , 1993 .

[60]  Andrzej S. Nowak,et al.  Modeling human error in structural design , 1988 .