Whither AI in test and diagnosis?

In an increasingly competitive marketplace system complexity continues to grow, but time-to-market and lifecycle are reducing. This has driven the need for automated test and diagnostic tools. As test and diagnosis is a high-level human activity, AI-based solutions have been pursued. This has been an active research area for some decades, but the industrial acceptance of AI approaches, particularly in cost-sensitive areas, has not been high. This paper reviews the history and current state of AI in test and diagnosis, discusses future challenges, and introduces the authors' work in addressing some of these challenges in a diagnostic context.

[1]  John W. Sheppard,et al.  System complexity and integrated diagnostics , 1991, IEEE Design & Test of Computers.

[2]  T. Satyanarayana,et al.  Implementing an expert system for fault diagnosis of electronic equipment , 1995 .

[3]  Walter Hamscher,et al.  Modeling Digital Circuits for Troubleshooting , 1991, Artif. Intell..

[4]  Randall Davis,et al.  Model-based reasoning: troubleshooting , 1988 .

[5]  F. Yan,et al.  Case-based diagnostic system using fuzzy neural network , 1995, Proceedings of ICNN'95 - International Conference on Neural Networks.

[6]  J.W. Sheppard,et al.  Explanation-based learning with diagnostic models , 1992, Conference Record AUTOTESTCON '92: The IEEE Systems Readiness Technology Conference.

[7]  C. Preist.  Deploying a model-based diagnosis system in the manufacturing test environment , 1997 .

[8]  Paul M. Frank,et al.  New developments using AI in fault diagnosis , 1996 .

[9]  Adnan Darwiche,et al.  Model-Based Diagnosis under Real-World Constraints , 2000, AI Mag..

[10]  John W. Sheppard,et al.  An experiment in encapsulation in system diagnosis , 1996, Conference Record. AUTOTESTCON '96.

[11]  Philippe Smets.  Non-standard logics for automated reasoning , 1988 .

[12]  Johan de Kleer.  Focusing on Probable Diagnoses , 1991, AAAI.

[13]  Padraig Cunningham,et al.  An incremental retrieval mechanism for case-based electronic fault diagnosis , 1998, Knowl. Based Syst..

[14]  John W. Sheppard,et al.  Managing Conflict in System Diagnosis , 1998, Computer.

[15]  Timothy M. Bearse,et al.  Fault Hypothesis Computations Using Fuzzy Logic , 1998 .

[16]  Jack Taylor.  A Standard for Test and Diagnosis , 1998 .

[17]  Joo-Hwee Lim,et al.  INSIDE: a connectionist case-based diagnostic expert system that learns incrementally , 1991, [Proceedings] 1991 IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks.

[18]  B. W. Jervis,et al.  Diagnosis of multifaults in analogue circuits using multilayer perceptrons , 1997 .

[19]  Corinne Bos-Plachez,et al.  A possibilistic ATMS contribution to diagnose analog electronic circuits , 1997, International Journal of Intelligent Systems.

[20]  Bruce D'Ambrosio,et al.  Application of a Bayesian network to integrated circuit tester diagnosis , 1995, Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing.

[21]  Rolf Isermann,et al.  On fuzzy logic applications for automatic control, supervision, and fault diagnosis , 1998, IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part A.

[22]  Yun Peng,et al.  A Probabilistic Causal Model for Diagnostic Problem Solving Part II: Diagnostic Strategy , 1987, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics.

[23]  Yun Peng,et al.  A Probabilistic Causal Model for Diagnostic Problem Solving Part I: Integrating Symbolic Causal Inference with Numeric Probabilistic Inference , 1987, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics.

[24]  Tetsuo Tomiyama,et al.  Development of Self-Maintenance Photocopiers , 1995, AI Mag..

[25]  Didier Dubois,et al.  An introduction to possibilistic and fuzzy logics , 1990 .

[26]  Lotfi A. Zadeh,et al.  Fuzzy Algorithms , 1968, Inf. Control..

[27]  Philippe Dague,et al.  Qualitative Reasoning: A Survey of Techniques and Applications , 1995, AI Commun..

[28]  Philippe Dague,et al.  Troubleshooting: When Modeling Is the Trouble , 1987, AAAI.

[29]  L. C. Jain,et al.  Knowledge-based systems for instrumentation diagnosis, system configuration and circuit and system design , 1993 .

[30]  B. Chandrasekaran,et al.  Functional Representation and Causal Processes , 1994, Adv. Comput..

[31]  Randall Davis,et al.  Generating distinguishing tests based on hierarchical models and symptom information , 1992 .

[32]  Janet L. Kolodner,et al.  Case-Based Reasoning , 1989, IJCAI 1989.

[33]  Meryem Marzouki,et al.  FLAMES: A fuzzy logic ATMS and model-based expert system for analog diagnosis , 1996, Proceedings ED&TC European Design and Test Conference.

[34]  K.A.E. Totton,et al.  Experience in using neural networks for electronic diagnosis , 1991 .

[35]  Bart Anderson,et al.  Pimtool, an Expert System to Troubleshoot Computer Hardware Failures , 1997, AAAI/IAAI.

[36]  Brian C. Williams,et al.  Diagnosing Multiple Faults , 1987, Artif. Intell..

[37]  T. Arslan,et al.  Artificial neural network based multiple fault diagnosis in digital circuits , 1998, ISCAS '98. Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (Cat. No.98CH36187).

[38]  Randall Davis,et al.  Diagnostic Reasoning Based on Structure and Behavior , 1984, Artif. Intell..

[39]  George Luger,et al.  Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th Edition) , 2004 .

[40]  Balakrishnan Chandrasekaran,et al.  What are ontologies, and why do we need them? , 1999, IEEE Intell. Syst..

[41]  D. Sauter,et al.  Fault diagnosis in systems using fuzzy logic , 1994, 1994 Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Control and Applications.

[42]  Meryem Marzouki,et al.  Test and diagnosis of analog circuits: When fuzziness can lead to accuracy , 1996, J. Electron. Test..

[43]  Tracy Larrabee,et al.  Creating small fault dictionaries [logic circuit fault diagnosis] , 1999, IEEE Trans. Comput. Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst..

[44]  Peter Struss,et al.  The Consistency-based Approach to Automated Diagnosis of Devices , 1996, KR 1996.

[45]  Chris Preist,et al.  AGATHA: An Integrated Expert System to Test and Diagnose Complex Personal Computer Boards , 1991, IAAI.

[46]  Thomas Bäck,et al.  Evolutionary computation: comments on the history and current state , 1997, IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput..

[47]  Steven L. Lytinen,et al.  Extracting knowledge from diagnostic databases , 1993, IEEE Expert.

[48]  P. J. Dalianis,et al.  Fault diagnosis in complex systems using artificial neural networks , 1994, 1994 Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Control and Applications.

[49]  Lotfi A. Zadeh,et al.  Outline of a New Approach to the Analysis of Complex Systems and Decision Processes , 1973, IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern..

[50]  John W. Sheppard,et al.  System Test And Diagnosis , 1994 .

[51]  Moshe Ben-Bassat,et al.  Combining Model-Based and Case-Based Expert Systems , 1998 .

[52]  Goh Wee Leng,et al.  ESPCRM—an expert system for personal computer repair and maintenance , 1992 .

[53]  Johan de Kleer,et al.  An Assumption-Based TMS , 1987, Artif. Intell..

[54]  A. Sawada,et al.  A CBR application: service productivity improvement by sharing experience , 1994, ETFA '94. 1994 IEEE Symposium on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation. (SEIKEN) Symposium) -Novel Disciplines for the Next Century- Proceedings.

[55]  Philippe Dague,et al.  Analog Systems Diagnosis , 1990, ECAI.

[56]  P.M. Frank,et al.  Fault detection and isolation in technical processes with neural networks , 1995, Proceedings of 1995 34th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control.

[57]  George F. Luger,et al.  Artificial intelligence - structures and strategies for complex problem solving (2. ed.) , 1993 .

[58]  John W. Sheppard,et al.  Encapsulation and diagnosis with fault dictionaries , 1996, Conference Record. AUTOTESTCON '96.

[59]  Anantaram Balakrishnan,et al.  Circuit diagnosis support system for electronics assembly operations , 1999, Decis. Support Syst..

[60]  Anil K. Jain,et al.  Artificial Neural Networks: A Tutorial , 1996, Computer.

[61]  Padraig Cunningham,et al.  A case study on the use of model-based systems for electronic fault diagnosis , 1998, Artif. Intell. Eng..

[62]  Johan de Kleer,et al.  Model-based diagnosis in SOPHIE III , 1992 .

[63]  Earl Cox,et al.  The fuzzy systems handbook , 1994 .

[64]  John W. Sheppard,et al.  AN INTELLIGENT APPROACH TO AUTOMATIC TEST EQUIPMENT , 1991, 1991, Proceedings. International Test Conference.

[65]  J. Sheppard.  Inducing Diagnostic Inference Models from Case Data , 1998 .

[66]  Ruzena Bajcsy,et al.  When and Where Will AI Meet Robotics? Issues in Representation , 1999, AI Mag..