Towards a functional classification of the freshwater phytoplankton

This paper considers the structure of freshwater phytoplankton assemblages and promotes a scheme of vegetation recognition', based upon the functional associations of species represented in the plankton. These groups are often polyphyletic, recognizing commonly shared adaptive features, rather than common phylogeny, to be the key ecological driver. Thirty-one such associations are outlined and the basic pattern of their distinctive ecologies is outlined. An invitation to other plankton scientists to assist in the development of this scheme is issued.

[1]  F. Barbosa,et al.  The forgotten lake stratification pattern: atelomixis, and its ecological importance , 2002 .

[2]  A. Walsby,et al.  The daily integral of growth by Planktothrix rubescens calculated from growth rate in culture and irradiance in Lake Zürich. , 2000, The New phytologist.

[3]  C. Reynolds.  The development of perceptions of aquatic eutrophication and its control , 2003 .

[4]  C. Reynolds.  Eutrophication and the management of planktonic algae: What Vollenweider couldn't tell us , 1992 .

[5]  S. Lavorel,et al.  Plant functional classifications: from general groups to specific groups based on response to disturbance. , 1997, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[6]  U. Zimmermann.  Oekologische und physiologische Untersuchungen an der planktischen Blaualge Oscillatoria rubescens D.C.unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Licht und Temperatur , 1969 .

[7]  P. Redfearn,et al.  The Description and Classification of Vegetation , 1973 .

[8]  P. Wolseley,et al.  British Water Plants , 1975 .

[9]  C. Reynolds,et al.  A simple method for approximating the supportive capacities and metabolic constraints in lakes and reservoirs , 2002 .

[10]  A. E. Irish,et al.  Modelling phytoplankton dynamics in lakes and reservoirs: the problem of in-situ growth rates , 1997, Hydrobiologia.

[11]  G. E. Hutchinson,et al.  A treatise on limnology. , 1957 .

[12]  G. E. Hutchinson,et al.  A Treatise on Limnology Vol. II: Introduction to Lake Biology and the Limnoplankton , 1967 .

[13]  L. Fabbro,et al.  A two-part model linking multidimensional environmental gradients and seasonal succession of phytoplankton assemblages , 2000, Hydrobiologia.

[14]  C. S. Reynolds.  Phytoplankton designer – or how to predict compositional responses to trophic-state change , 2000 .

[15]  M. Straškraba,et al.  Theoretical reservoir ecology and its applications , 1999 .

[16]  D. Sutcliffe,et al.  Eutrophication : research and application to water supply , 1992 .

[17]  C. Reynolds,et al.  Selection of phytoplankton associations in Lake Balaton, Hungary, in response to eutrophication and restoration measures, with special reference to the cyanoprokaryotes , 1998, Hydrobiologia.

[18]  Z. Beyruth.  Periodic disturbances, trophic gradient and phytoplankton characteristics related to cyanobacterial growth in Guarapiranga Reservoir, Sao Paulo State, Brazil , 2000 .

[19]  Colin S. Reynolds,et al.  Vegetation processes in the pelagic : a model for ecosystem theory , 1997 .

[20]  G. Mataloni,et al.  Summer fluctuations of microbial planktonic communities in a eutrophic lake—Cierva Point, Antarctica , 2001 .

[21]  M. Emiliani.  Seasonal succession of phytoplankton in a lake of the Paraná river floodplain, Argentina , 1993, Hydrobiologia.

[22]  L. Vörös,et al.  Occurrence, Dynamics and Production of Picoplankton in Hungarian Shallow Lakes , 1991 .

[23]  M. VeraLúcia.HuszarDe,et al.  The relationship between phytoplankton composition and physical–chemical variables: a comparison of taxonomic and morphological–functional descriptors in six temperate lakes , 1998 .

[24]  C. Reynolds,et al.  The phytoplankton of an enriched, soft-water lake subject to intermittent hydraulic flushing (Grasmere, English Lake District) , 1988 .

[25]  Franz J. Weissing,et al.  Fundamental Unpredictability in Multispecies Competition , 2001, The American Naturalist.

[26]  N. Salmaso.  Factors affecting the seasonality and distribution of cyanobacteria and chlorophytes: a case study from the large lakes south of the Alps, with special reference to Lake Garda , 2000, Hydrobiologia.

[27]  C. Reynolds.  Phytoplankton assemblages and their periodicity in stratifying lake systems , 1980 .

[28]  Victor Smetacek,et al.  Pelagic ecosystem structure: Heterotrophic compartments of the plankton and their relationship to plankton size fractions 1 , 1978 .

[29]  F. Pick.  Predicting the abundance and production of photosynthetic picoplankton in temperate lakes , 2000 .

[30]  C. Reynolds,et al.  Phytoplankton functional attributes along trophic gradient and season , 1995 .

[31]  V. Huszar,et al.  Phytoplankton in an Amazonian flood-plain lake (Lago Batata, Brasil): diel variation and species strategies , 2000 .

[32]  R. Margalef.  Life-forms of phytoplankton as survival alternatives in an unstable environment , 1978 .

[33]  Colin S. Reynolds,et al.  Phytoplankton periodicity: the interactions of form, function and environmental variability , 1984 .

[34]  P. Domingos,et al.  Cyanoprokaryote assemblages in eight productive tropical Brazilian waters , 2000, Hydrobiologia.

[35]  F. Colijn,et al.  A quantitative method for description & assessment of ecosystems: The AMOEBA-approach , 1991 .

[36]  C.J.F. ter Braak,et al.  CANOCO Reference Manual and User's Guide to Canoco for Windows: Software for Canonical Community Ordination (Version 4) , 1998 .

[37]  L. Krienitz,et al.  Deep-layer autotrophic picoplankton maximum in the oligotrophic Lake Stechlin, Germany: origin, activity, development and erosion , 1997 .

[38]  U. Sommer.  The periodicity of phytoplankton in Lake Constance (Bodensee) in comparison to other deep lakes of central Europe , 1986, Hydrobiologia.

[39]  L. G. Korneva.  Ecological aspects of mass development of Gonyostomum semen (Ehr.) Dies. ( Raphidophyta ) , 2001 .

[40]  Sallie W. Chisholm,et al.  A novel free-living prochlorophyte abundant in the oceanic euphotic zone , 1988, Nature.

[41]  J. Stockner.  Phototrophic picoplankton: An overview from marine and freshwater ecosystems , 1988 .

[42]  C. Reynolds,et al.  Classification schemes for phytoplankton: a local validation of a functional approach to the analysis of species temporal replacement , 2002 .

[43]  M. Scheffer.  Ecology of Shallow Lakes , 1997, Population and Community Biology Series.

[44]  C. Reynolds,et al.  Community Assembly in Marine Phytoplankton: Application of Recent Models to Harmful Dinoflagellate Blooms , 2001 .