Transcranial direct current stimulation--update 2011.

Non-invasive brain stimulation with weak direct currents (transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)) has emerged as one of the major tools to induce neuroplastic cortical excitability alterations in humans since its (re-) introduction to the arsenal of plasticity-inducing brain stimulation tools. In this review, we gather newly emerged knowledge about the effect of tDCS on brain function in both, basic and applied research. This overview will deliver an update of the last two years of research, because especially during this time numerous important studies were published covering the above-mentioned fields.

[1]  Paolo Maria Rossini,et al.  Naming facilitation induced by transcranial direct current stimulation , 2010, Behavioural Brain Research.

[2]  Felipe Fregni,et al.  Differential modulatory effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on a facial expression go-no-go task in males and females , 2008, Neuroscience Letters.

[3]  Shaheen Hamdy,et al.  Characterizing the application of transcranial direct current stimulation in human pharyngeal motor cortex , 2009, American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology.

[4]  M. Hallett,et al.  Blepharospasm and the modulation of cortical excitability in primary and secondary motor areas , 2009, Neurology.

[5]  Stefan Knecht,et al.  Electrical Stimulation of Broca's Area Enhances Implicit Learning of an Artificial Grammar , 2010, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[6]  Takashi Hanakawa,et al.  Enhancement of pinch force in the lower leg by anodal transcranial direct current stimulation , 2009, Experimental Brain Research.

[7]  P. Matthews,et al.  Polarity-Sensitive Modulation of Cortical Neurotransmitters by Transcranial Stimulation , 2009, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[8]  A. Priori,et al.  Transcranial direct current stimulation in severe, drug-resistant major depression. , 2009, Journal of affective disorders.

[9]  Á. Pascual-Leone,et al.  Cortical stimulation of the prefrontal cortex with transcranial direct current stimulation reduces cue-provoked smoking craving: a randomized, sham-controlled study. , 2008, The Journal of clinical psychiatry.

[10]  A. Priori,et al.  Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in unipolar vs. bipolar depressive disorder , 2011, Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry.

[11]  Giacomo Koch,et al.  A common polymorphism in the brain‐derived neurotrophic factor gene (BDNF) modulates human cortical plasticity and the response to rTMS , 2008, The Journal of physiology.

[12]  Alvaro Pascual-Leone,et al.  Transcranial DC Stimulation Coupled With TENS for the Treatment of Chronic Pain: A Preliminary Study , 2009, The Clinical journal of pain.

[13]  Ingrid R. Olson,et al.  A selective working memory impairment after transcranial direct current stimulation to the right parietal lobe , 2010, Neuroscience Letters.

[14]  Ethan R. Buch,et al.  Noninvasive cortical stimulation enhances motor skill acquisition over multiple days through an effect on consolidation , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[15]  V Achache,et al.  Impact of transcranial direct current stimulation on spinal network excitability in humans , 2009, The Journal of physiology.

[16]  Walter Paulus,et al.  Transcranial direct current stimulation over the primary motor cortex during fMRI , 2011, NeuroImage.

[17]  Walter Paulus,et al.  Dose-Dependent Inverted U-Shaped Effect of Dopamine (D2-Like) Receptor Activation on Focal and Nonfocal Plasticity in Humans , 2009, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[18]  P. Matthews,et al.  Modulation of movement‐associated cortical activation by transcranial direct current stimulation , 2009, The European journal of neuroscience.

[19]  F Lolas,et al.  Brain polarization: behavioral and therapeutic effects. , 1977, Biological psychiatry.

[20]  M. Nitsche,et al.  Modulating functional connectivity patterns and topological functional organization of the human brain with transcranial direct current stimulation , 2011, Human brain mapping.

[21]  G. Schlaug,et al.  Inducing Disorders in Pitch Perception and Production: a Reverse-Engineering Approach. , 2010, Proceedings of meetings on acoustics. Acoustical Society of America.

[22]  Alfredo Brancucci,et al.  Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Episodic Memory Related to Emotional Visual Stimuli , 2010, PloS one.

[23]  Giuseppe Sartori,et al.  Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex specifically processes general – but not personal – knowledge deception: Multiple brain networks for lying , 2010, Behavioural Brain Research.

[24]  A. Antal,et al.  Electrode-distance dependent after-effects of transcranial direct and random noise stimulation with extracephalic reference electrodes , 2010, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[25]  Walter Paulus,et al.  Introducing graph theory to track for neuroplastic alterations in the resting human brain: A transcranial direct current stimulation study , 2011, NeuroImage.

[26]  G. Koob,et al.  Individual differences in prefrontal cortex function and the transition from drug use to drug dependence , 2010, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.

[27]  D. Centonze,et al.  Effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation on chronic neuropathic pain in patients with multiple sclerosis. , 2010, The journal of pain : official journal of the American Pain Society.

[28]  L. Leocani,et al.  Brain transcranial direct current stimulation modulates motor excitability in mice , 2010, The European journal of neuroscience.

[29]  F. Fregni,et al.  Cumulative priming effects of cortical stimulation on smoking cue-induced craving , 2009, Neuroscience Letters.

[30]  N. Bolognini,et al.  Enhancing multisensory spatial orienting by brain polarization of the parietal cortex , 2010, The European journal of neuroscience.

[31]  Y. Kim,et al.  Time-dependent effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on the enhancement of working memory , 2008, Neuroreport.

[32]  Mark Hallett,et al.  Transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of Parkinson's disease , 2010, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry.

[33]  Walter Paulus,et al.  Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of the motor cortex ameliorates chronic pain and reduces short intracortical inhibition. , 2010, Journal of pain and symptom management.

[34]  Paul Sacco,et al.  Modulation of internal model formation during force field‐induced motor learning by anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of primary motor cortex , 2009, The Journal of physiology.

[35]  M. Bikson,et al.  Electrodes for high-definition transcutaneous DC stimulation for applications in drug delivery and electrotherapy, including tDCS , 2010, Journal of Neuroscience Methods.

[36]  Walter Paulus,et al.  Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene polymorphisms shape cortical plasticity in humans , 2010, Brain Stimulation.

[37]  Alberto Leal,et al.  Comparing different electrode configurations using the 10-10 international system in tDCS: A finite element model analysis , 2009, 2009 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[38]  Gin S Malhi,et al.  A double-blind, sham-controlled trial of transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of depression. , 2010, The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology.

[39]  M. Bikson,et al.  Electrode montages for tDCS and weak transcranial electrical stimulation: Role of “return” electrode’s position and size , 2010, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[40]  M. Nitsche,et al.  Dosage‐dependent non‐linear effect of l‐dopa on human motor cortex plasticity , 2010, The Journal of physiology.

[41]  R. Veit,et al.  The truth about lying: inhibition of the anterior prefrontal cortex improves deceptive behavior. , 2010, Cerebral cortex.

[42]  G. Fink,et al.  1 Hz rTMS preconditioned by tDCS over the primary motor cortex in Parkinson’s disease: effects on bradykinesia of arm and hand , 2010, Journal of Neural Transmission.

[43]  Sadatoshi Tsuji,et al.  Effect of transcranial DC sensorimotor cortex stimulation on somatosensory evoked potentials in humans , 2004, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[44]  L. Cohen,et al.  Facilitating skilled right hand motor function in older subjects by anodal polarization over the left primary motor cortex , 2010, Neurobiology of Aging.

[45]  Á. Pascual-Leone,et al.  A randomized, double-blind clinical trial on the efficacy of cortical direct current stimulation for the treatment of major depression. , 2008, The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology.

[46]  Guglielmo Foffani,et al.  Prefrontal hemodynamic changes produced by anodal direct current stimulation , 2010, NeuroImage.

[47]  Walter Paulus,et al.  Consolidation of Human Motor Cortical Neuroplasticity by D-Cycloserine , 2004, Neuropsychopharmacology.

[48]  Pablo Celnik,et al.  Brain polarization enhances the formation and retention of motor memories. , 2009, Journal of neurophysiology.

[49]  Felipe Fregni,et al.  Visual memory improved by non-invasive brain stimulation , 2010, Brain Research.

[50]  P. Mitchell,et al.  Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Priming of Therapeutic Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: A Pilot Study , 2009, The journal of ECT.

[51]  Á. Pascual-Leone,et al.  Modulation of decision‐making in a gambling task in older adults with transcranial direct current stimulation , 2010, The European journal of neuroscience.

[52]  Nobuoki Eshima,et al.  ranscranial direct current stimulation decreases convulsions and spatial emory deficits following pilocarpine-induced status pilepticus in immature rats , 2010 .

[53]  Yves Vandermeeren,et al.  Effect of tDCS with an extracephalic reference electrode on cardio-respiratory and autonomic functions , 2010, BMC Neuroscience.

[54]  Sergio P. Rigonatti,et al.  Transcranial direct current stimulation of the unaffected hemisphere in stroke patients , 2005, Neuroreport.

[55]  Gottfried Schlaug,et al.  Dual-hemisphere tDCS facilitates greater improvements for healthy subjects' non-dominant hand compared to uni-hemisphere stimulation , 2008, BMC Neuroscience.

[56]  H. R. Siebner,et al.  Slow-oscillatory transcranial direct current stimulation can induce bidirectional shifts in motor cortical excitability in awake humans , 2010, Neuroscience.

[57]  M. Nitsche,et al.  Limited impact of homeostatic plasticity on motor learning in humans , 2008, Neuropsychologia.

[58]  Á. Pascual-Leone,et al.  Modulation of risk-taking in marijuana users by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). , 2010, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[59]  L. Cohen,et al.  Transcranial direct current stimulation: State of the art 2008 , 2008, Brain Stimulation.

[60]  S. Brandt,et al.  Transcranial direct current stimulation affects visual perception measured by threshold perimetry , 2010, Experimental Brain Research.

[61]  M. Bear,et al.  LTP and LTD An Embarrassment of Riches , 2004, Neuron.

[62]  G. Wittenberg,et al.  The neural basis of constraint-induced movement therapy , 2009, Current opinion in neurology.

[63]  L. Merabet,et al.  Prefrontal cortex modulation using transcranial DC stimulation reduces alcohol craving: a double-blind, sham-controlled study. , 2008, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[64]  M. Nitsche,et al.  Serotonin Affects Transcranial Direct Current–Induced Neuroplasticity in Humans , 2009, Biological Psychiatry.

[65]  S. Durand,et al.  Oral single high‐dose aspirin results in a long‐lived inhibition of anodal current‐induced vasodilatation , 2002, British journal of pharmacology.

[66]  Heidi M. Schambra,et al.  Direct Current Stimulation Promotes BDNF-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity: Potential Implications for Motor Learning , 2010, Neuron.

[67]  Pienie Zwitserlood,et al.  The Involvement of the Left Motor Cortex in Learning of a Novel Action Word Lexicon , 2010, Current Biology.

[68]  Géza Gergely Ambrus,et al.  Cutaneous perception thresholds of electrical stimulation methods: Comparison of tDCS and tRNS , 2010, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[69]  Alvaro Pascual-Leone,et al.  Noninvasive cortical stimulation with transcranial direct current stimulation in Parkinson's disease , 2006, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.

[70]  L. Cohen,et al.  Effects of non-invasive cortical stimulation on skilled motor function in chronic stroke. , 2005, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[71]  Á. Pascual-Leone,et al.  Treatment of depression with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): A Review , 2009, Experimental Neurology.

[72]  Rosalind J. Sadleir,et al.  Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in a realistic head model , 2010, NeuroImage.

[73]  Alvaro Pascual-Leone,et al.  Interhemispheric Modulation Induced by Cortical Stimulation and Motor Training , 2010, Physical Therapy.

[74]  Mi Young Lee,et al.  The effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on the cortical activation by motor task in the human brain: An fMRI study , 2009, Neuroscience Letters.

[75]  Abhishek Datta,et al.  Transcranial direct current stimulation in patients with skull defects and skull plates: High-resolution computational FEM study of factors altering cortical current flow , 2010, NeuroImage.

[76]  Won Hee Lee,et al.  Realistic simulation of transcranial direct current stimulation via 3-d high-resolution finite element analysis: Effect of tissue anisotropy , 2009, 2009 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[77]  J. Stinear,et al.  Focal and bidirectional modulation of lower limb motor cortex using anodal transcranial direct current stimulation , 2010, Brain Stimulation.

[78]  Chris Rorden,et al.  Using Transcranial Direct-Current Stimulation to Treat Stroke Patients With Aphasia , 2010, Stroke.

[79]  Walter Paulus,et al.  Contribution of the premotor cortex to consolidation of motor sequence learning in humans during sleep. , 2010, Journal of neurophysiology.

[80]  Philippe Decq,et al.  Chronic motor cortex stimulation in the treatment of central and neuropathic pain. Correlations between clinical, electrophysiological and anatomical data , 1999, PAIN.

[81]  Sergio P. Rigonatti,et al.  A randomized, sham-controlled, proof of principle study of transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of pain in fibromyalgia. , 2006, Arthritis and rheumatism.

[82]  L. Marshall,et al.  Acute changes in motor cortical excitability during slow oscillatory and constant anodal transcranial direct current stimulation. , 2009, Journal of neurophysiology.

[83]  P. Pasqualetti,et al.  Brain Switches Utilitarian Behavior: Does Gender Make the Difference? , 2010, PloS one.

[84]  Sergio P. Rigonatti,et al.  A sham-controlled, phase II trial of transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of central pain in traumatic spinal cord injury , 2006, PAIN.

[85]  W. Byblow,et al.  Task-dependent modulation of inputs to proximal upper limb following transcranial direct current stimulation of primary motor cortex. , 2010, Journal of neurophysiology.

[86]  J. Rothwell,et al.  Preconditioning of Low-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation with Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: Evidence for Homeostatic Plasticity in the Human Motor Cortex , 2004, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[87]  M. Nitsche,et al.  Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation , 2000, The Journal of physiology.

[88]  M. Nitsche,et al.  Nicotinergic Impact on Focal and Non-Focal Neuroplasticity Induced by Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation in Non-Smoking Humans , 2011, Neuropsychopharmacology.

[89]  P. Rossini,et al.  Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation enhances procedural consolidation. , 2010, Journal of neurophysiology.

[90]  Christoph Mulert,et al.  Transcranial direct current stimulation in a patient with therapy-resistant major depression , 2009, The world journal of biological psychiatry : the official journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry.

[91]  Gottfried Schlaug,et al.  Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Prefrontal Cortex Enhances Complex Verbal Associative Thought , 2009, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[92]  M. Nitsche,et al.  Sustained excitability elevations induced by transcranial DC motor cortex stimulation in humans , 2001, Neurology.

[93]  Walter Paulus,et al.  Facilitation of visuo‐motor learning by transcranial direct current stimulation of the motor and extrastriate visual areas in humans , 2004, The European journal of neuroscience.

[94]  Sergio P. Rigonatti,et al.  Treatment of major depression with transcranial direct current stimulation. , 2006, Bipolar disorders.

[95]  M. Hallett,et al.  What does the ratio of injected current to electrode area tell us about current density in the brain during tDCS? , 2009, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[96]  M. Nitsche,et al.  GABAergic modulation of DC stimulation‐induced motor cortex excitability shifts in humans , 2004, The European journal of neuroscience.

[97]  Walter Paulus,et al.  Focusing Effect of Acetylcholine on Neuroplasticity in the Human Motor Cortex , 2007, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[98]  Abhishek Datta,et al.  Bio-heat transfer model of transcranial DC stimulation: Comparison of conventional pad versus ring electrode , 2009, 2009 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[99]  Carsten H. Wolters,et al.  Modeling transcranial DC stimulation , 2008, 2008 30th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[100]  V. Walsh,et al.  Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Facilitates Decision Making in a Probabilistic Guessing Task , 2010, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[101]  M G Marciani,et al.  Nervous propagation along 'central' motor pathways in intact man: characteristics of motor responses to 'bifocal' and 'unifocal' spine and scalp non-invasive stimulation. , 1985, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[102]  P. Celnik,et al.  Modulation of Cerebellar Excitability by Polarity-Specific Noninvasive Direct Current Stimulation , 2009, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[103]  M. Nitsche,et al.  Shaping the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation of the human motor cortex. , 2007, Journal of neurophysiology.

[104]  Walter Paulus,et al.  Shaping the optimal repetition interval for cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). , 2010, Journal of neurophysiology.

[105]  Dirk De Ridder,et al.  Bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex modulation for tinnitus by transcranial direct current stimulation: a preliminary clinical study , 2010, Experimental Brain Research.

[106]  Walter Paulus,et al.  Short-duration transcranial random noise stimulation induces blood oxygenation level dependent response attenuation in the human motor cortex , 2009, Experimental Brain Research.

[107]  R. A. Fuchs,et al.  Prefrontal cortical regulation of drug seeking in animal models of drug relapse. , 2010, Current topics in behavioral neurosciences.

[108]  Valentina Fiori,et al.  Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Improves Word Retrieval in Healthy and Nonfluent Aphasic Subjects , 2011, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[109]  Lars A. Ross,et al.  Improved proper name recall by electrical stimulation of the anterior temporal lobes , 2010, Neuropsychologia.

[110]  F L Mastaglia,et al.  Raised corticomotor excitability of M1 forearm area following anodal tDCS is sustained during robotic wrist therapy in chronic stroke. , 2009, Restorative neurology and neuroscience.

[111]  F. Fregni,et al.  Temporal cortex direct current stimulation enhances performance on a visual recognition memory task in Alzheimer disease , 2008, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry.

[112]  M. Nitsche,et al.  Modulatory effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on laser-evoked potentials. , 2009, Pain medicine.

[113]  P. Rossini,et al.  Cortical Neuromodulation Modifies Cerebral Vasomotor Reactivity , 2010, Stroke.

[114]  Jordan Grafman,et al.  Bilateral frontal transcranial direct current stimulation: Failure to replicate classic findings in healthy subjects , 2009, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[115]  M. Nitsche,et al.  D1-Receptor Impact on Neuroplasticity in Humans , 2009, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[116]  Gaby S. Pell,et al.  Modulation of cortical excitability induced by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: Influence of timing and geometrical parameters and underlying mechanisms , 2011, Progress in Neurobiology.

[117]  M. Nitsche,et al.  Safety limits of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation in rats , 2009, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[118]  M. Manto,et al.  Trains of transcranial direct current stimulation antagonize motor cortex hypoexcitability induced by acute hemicerebellectomy. , 2009, Journal of neurosurgery.

[119]  James Fanning,et al.  A preliminary study of transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of refractory chronic pelvic pain , 2009, Brain Stimulation.

[120]  Min Jae Baek,et al.  Non-invasive cortical stimulation improves post-stroke attention decline. , 2009, Restorative neurology and neuroscience.

[121]  M. Nitsche,et al.  External modulation of visual perception in humans , 2001, Neuroreport.

[122]  Roman Rolke,et al.  Transcranial direct current stimulation of the motor cortex induces distinct changes in thermal and mechanical sensory percepts , 2010, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[123]  J. Rothwell,et al.  Level of action of cathodal DC polarisation induced inhibition of the human motor cortex , 2003, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[124]  Á. Pascual-Leone,et al.  Transcranial direct current stimulation of the prefrontal cortex modulates the desire for specific foods , 2008, Appetite.

[125]  D. Reato,et al.  Gyri-precise head model of transcranial direct current stimulation: Improved spatial focality using a ring electrode versus conventional rectangular pad , 2009, Brain Stimulation.

[126]  Stefan Elmer,et al.  Behavioral and Brain Functions , 2009 .

[127]  Walter Paulus,et al.  Modulation of cortical excitability by weak direct current stimulation--technical, safety and functional aspects. , 2003, Supplements to Clinical neurophysiology.

[128]  Akio Kimura,et al.  Modulation of mu rhythm desynchronization during motor imagery by transcranial direct current stimulation , 2010, Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation.

[129]  N. Bolognini,et al.  Brain polarization of parietal cortex augments training-induced improvement of visual exploratory and attentional skills , 2010, Brain Research.

[130]  N. Birbaumer,et al.  Enhancement of Planning Ability by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation , 2009, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[131]  M. Nitsche,et al.  Pharmacological Modulation of Cortical Excitability Shifts Induced by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Humans , 2003, The Journal of physiology.

[132]  Sergio P. Rigonatti,et al.  Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of prefrontal cortex enhances working memory , 2005, Experimental Brain Research.

[133]  P Brugières,et al.  Motor cortex stimulation in the treatment of central and neuropathic pain. , 2000, Archives of medical research.

[134]  M. Nitsche,et al.  Transcranial direct current stimulation disrupts tactile perception , 2004, The European journal of neuroscience.

[135]  Myoung-Hwan Ko,et al.  Enhancing the Working Memory of Stroke Patients Using tDCS , 2009, American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation.

[136]  L. Cohen,et al.  Effects of combined peripheral nerve stimulation and brain polarization on performance of a motor sequence task after chronic stroke. , 2009, Stroke.