Physiological Responses to Nutrient Accumulation in Trees Seedlings Irrigated with Municipal Effluent in Indian Desert

Leaf water potential (), net photosynthesis rate (), transpiration rate (), stomatal conductance (), and water use efficiency (WUE) are greatly influenced by the nutrient composition of water which is used for irrigating trees. The above-mentioned physiological variables and foliage mineral concentrations were observed for Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Acacia nilotica, and Dalbergia sissoo plants irrigated with municipal effluent (ME) at 1/2 PET (potential evapotranspiration; T1), 1 PET (T2), and 2 PET (T3) rates and the control plants irrigated with canal water at 1PET (T4). Increased mineral concentrations in order T1 < T2 < T3 enhanced , , , and . Relatively greater increase in than reduced WUE. Available nutrient in ME enhanced physiological function in T2, whereas reduced quantity of water lowered it in T1 than in T4 plants. Differential minerals uptake increased concentrations of N and P in D. sissoo, Mn in E. camaldulensis, and the rest in A. nilotica. was more sensitive to environment than . Enhanced mineral concentration through ME was beneficial but its differential uptake and accumulation influenced physiological functions and WUE. E. camaldulensis is better for high and continuous loading of effluent and A. nilotica is best for high nutrient uptake. D. sissoo is efficient water user.

[1]  C. I. Rich.  Soil Chemical Analysis , 1958 .

[2]  E. Hewitt.  The role of mineral elements in the activity of plant enzyme systems , 1958 .

[3]  H. Levene.  Robust tests for equality of variances , 1961 .

[4]  S. Shapiro,et al.  An Analysis of Variance Test for Normality (Complete Samples) , 1965 .

[5]  G. Campbell,et al.  A dewpoint hygrometer for water potential measurement , 1973 .

[6]  E. Stibbe.  Soil moisture depletion in summer by an eucalyptus grove in a desert area , 1975 .

[7]  M. Sharma.  Evapotranspiration from a Eucalyptus Community , 1984 .

[8]  H. Clijsters,et al.  Inhibition of photosynthesis in Phaseolus vulgaris by treatment with toxic concentrations of zinc: effects on electron transport and photophosphorylation , 1986 .

[9]  Marvin E. Jensen,et al.  Operational estimates of reference evapotranspiration , 1989 .

[10]  I. Vass,et al.  Impairment of photosystem 2 activity at the level of secondary quinone electron acceptor in chloroplasts treated with cobalt, nickel and zinc ions , 1989 .

[11]  J. Seiler,et al.  Influence of water stress on the physiology and growth of red spruce seedlings. , 1990, Tree physiology.

[12]  J. Pereira,et al.  Photosynthetic capacity of leaves of Eucalyptus globulus (Labill.) growing in the field with different nutrient and water supplies. , 1992, Tree physiology.

[13]  K. Barrick,et al.  The iron and manganese status of seven upper montane tree species in Colorado, USA, following long-term waterlogging , 1993 .

[14]  T. Hinckley,et al.  Effects of foliar nitrogen concentration on photosynthesis and water use efficiency in Douglas-fir. , 1993, Tree physiology.

[15]  Dugganna RalalageRamya Malkanthi,et al.  Effects of low pH and Al on absorption and translocation of some essential nutrients in excised barley roots , 1995 .

[16]  D. Whitehead,et al.  The response of photosynthetic model parameters to temperature and nitrogen concentration in Pinus radiata D. Don , 1997 .

[17]  B. Ewers,et al.  CARRY-OVER EFFECTS OF WATER AND NUTRIENT SUPPLY ON WATER USE OF PINUS TAEDA , 1999 .

[18]  A. Raschi,et al.  Water relations, stomatal response and transpiration of Quercus pubescens trees during summer in a Mediterranean carbon dioxide spring. , 1999, Tree physiology.

[19]  F. W. Smith,et al.  Zinc deficiency up-regulates expression of high-affinity phosphate transporter genes in both phosphate-sufficient and -deficient barley roots. , 2000, Plant physiology.

[20]  J. Grace,et al.  Interaction of nutrient limitation and elevated CO2 concentration on carbon assimilation of a tropical tree seedling (Cedrela odorata). , 2000, Tree physiology.

[21]  B. Clothier,et al.  Cadmium adsorption by rhizobacteria: implications for New Zealand pastureland , 2001 .

[22]  R. Mata-González,et al.  Physiological impacts of biosolids application in desert grasses , 2002 .

[23]  Zhenguo Shen,et al.  Lead phytoextraction from contaminated soil with high-biomass plant species. , 2002, Journal of environmental quality.

[24]  M. Bhati,et al.  Growth, Biomass Production, and Nutrient Composition of Eucalyptus Seedlings Irrigated with Municipal Effluent in Loamy Sand Soil of Indian Desert , 2003 .

[25]  J. Lynch,et al.  A critical test of the two prevailing theories of plant response to nutrient availability. , 2003, American journal of botany.

[26]  M. Bhati,et al.  Mineral Accumulation, Growth, and Physiological Functions in Dalbergia sissoo Seedlings Irrigated with Different Effluents , 2003, Journal of environmental science and health. Part A, Toxic/hazardous substances & environmental engineering.

[27]  H. Ziegler,et al.  The mechanism of stomatal movement in Allium cepa L. , 2004, Planta.

[28]  P. Drechsel,et al.  Foliar nutrient levels of broad-leaved tropical trees: A tabular review , 1991, Plant and Soil.

[29]  R. Tognetti,et al.  Gas exchange and foliage characteristics of two poplar clones grown in soil amended with industrial waste. , 2004, Tree physiology.

[30]  G. Singh,et al.  Biomass Partitioning and Gas Exchange in Dalbergia sissoo seedlings under water stress , 2003, Photosynthetica.

[31]  D. Mulligan,et al.  Seedling responses of four Australian tree species to toxic concentrations of manganese in solution culture , 2004, Plant and Soil.

[32]  F. Meinzer.  The effect of light on stomatal control of gas exchange in Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) saplings , 1982, Oecologia.

[33]  Tahir Husain,et al.  An overview and analysis of site remediation technologies. , 2004, Journal of environmental management.

[34]  D. Mulligan,et al.  Seedling responses of three Australian tree species to toxic concentrations of zinc in solution culture , 2004, Plant and Soil.

[35]  C. Ma,et al.  Photosynthesis, Transpiration, and Water Use Efficiency of Caragana microphylla, C. intermedia, and C. korshinskii , 2004, Photosynthetica.

[36]  J. Castillo,et al.  Comparative Field Summer Stress of Three Tree Species Co-occurring in Mediterranean Coastal Dunes , 2002, Photosynthetica.

[37]  S. Kamei,et al.  Mechanism of Potassium Alleviation of Manganese Phytotoxicity in Barley , 2005 .

[38]  B. Lahner,et al.  The Effect of Iron on the Primary Root Elongation of Arabidopsis during Phosphate Deficiency1[W][OA] , 2008, Plant Physiology.

[39]  M. Bhati,et al.  Changing effluent chemistry affect survival, growth and physiological function of Acacia nilotica seedlings in northwestern region of India , 2008 .

[40]  V. Nenova.  Growth and photosynthesis of pea plants under different iron supply , 2009, Acta Physiologiae Plantarum.

[41]  J. Syvertsen,et al.  Leaf gas exchange, water relations, nutrient content and growth in citrus and olive seedlings under salinity , 2008, Biologia Plantarum.

[42]  K. Bargali.  Acacia nilotica: a multipurpose leguminous plant , 2009 .

[43]  S. Doncheva,et al.  Silicon amelioration of manganese toxicity in Mn-sensitive and Mn-tolerant maize varieties , 2009 .

[44]  Aaron P. Smith,et al.  Variations in the Composition of Gelling Agents Affect Morphophysiological and Molecular Responses to Deficiencies of Phosphate and Other Nutrients1[C][W][OA] , 2009, Plant Physiology.

[45]  M. Yıldız,et al.  Lead contamination reduces chlorophyll biosynthesis and genomic template stability in Brassica rapa L. , 2010 .

[46]  Hemen Sarma,et al.  Metal Hyperaccumulation in Plants: A Review Focusing on Phytoremediation Technology , 2011 .

[47]  M. Fujita,et al.  Molecular Mechanism of Heavy Metal Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants: Central Role of Glutathione in Detoxification of Reactive Oxygen Species and Methylglyoxal and in Heavy Metal Chelation , 2012 .

[48]  E. Fasani.  Plants that Hyperaccumulate Heavy Metals , 1998 .