Detection of 8-Hydroxy-2′-Deoxyguanosine Biomarker with a Screen-Printed Electrode Modified with Graphene

In this work we present the preparation of graphene material by exfoliation of graphite rods via pulses of current in electrolyte, containing a mixture of boric acid (0.05 M) and sodium chloride (0.05 M). The material was morphologically and structurally characterized by SEM/TEM/HR-TEM, XRD and FTIR techniques. TEM investigation of graphene flakes deposited onto carbon-coated grids allowed the visualization of thin and transparent regions, attributed to few-layer graphene (FLG), as well as thick and dark regions attributed to multi-layer graphene (MLG). The mixed composition of the material was additionally confirmed by XRD, which further indicated that the amount of FLG within the sample was around 83%, while MLG was around 17%. The performance of a screen-printed electrode (SPE) modified with graphene (SPE-Gr) was tested for 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine detection. The graphene-modified electrode had a higher sensitivity in comparison with that of SPE, both in standard laboratory solutions (phosphate buffered saline-PBS) and in human saliva.

[1]  J. Coates.  Interpretation of Infrared Spectra, A Practical Approach , 2006 .

[2]  Shen-ming Chen,et al.  Determination of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine oxidative stress biomarker using dysprosium oxide nanoparticles@reduced graphene oxide , 2018 .

[3]  A. Valavanidis,et al.  8-hydroxy-2′ -deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG): A Critical Biomarker of Oxidative Stress and Carcinogenesis , 2009, Journal of environmental science and health. Part C, Environmental carcinogenesis & ecotoxicology reviews.

[4]  S. Pruneanu,et al.  Exfoliation of graphite rods via pulses of current for graphene synthesis: Sensitive detection of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine. , 2019, Talanta.

[5]  R. McCreery,et al.  Quantitative correlations of heterogeneous electron-transfer kinetics with surface properties of glassy carbon electrodes , 1990 .

[6]  Gergana G. Nestorova,et al.  Detection and quantification of 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine in Alzheimer's transgenic mouse urine using capillary electrophoresis , 2013, Electrophoresis.

[7]  César Fernández-Sánchez,et al.  Diagnostics Using Multiplexed Electrochemical Readout Devices , 2014 .

[8]  Guowang Xu,et al.  Determination of urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine by two approaches-capillary electrophoresis and GC/MS: an assay for in vivo oxidative DNA damage in cancer patients. , 2005, Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences.

[9]  K. Ozoemena,et al.  Heterogeneous electron transfer kinetics and electrocatalytic behaviour of mixed self-assembled ferrocenes and SWCNT layers. , 2010, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[10]  U. Puistola,et al.  Metformin decreases serum 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine levels in polycystic ovary syndrome. , 2013, Fertility and sterility.

[11]  C. Cristea,et al.  Salivary biomarkers detection: Analytical and immunological methods overview , 2019, TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry.

[12]  N. Buduneli.  Biomarkers in Saliva and Serum Samples for Periodontal Disease and Interactions with Systemic Health , 2019, Current Oral Health Reports.

[13]  Y. A. Villa-Correa,et al.  Prognostic Value of 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine and Human Neutrophil Elastase/α1-Proteinase Inhibitor Complex as Salivary Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Chronic Periodontitis. , 2015, Journal of periodontology.

[14]  D. A. Brownson,et al.  Electrochemistry of graphene : not such a beneficial electrode material? , 2011 .

[15]  Abdulazeez T. Lawal.  Progress in utilisation of graphene for electrochemical biosensors. , 2018, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[16]  Jifeng Liu,et al.  Electrochemical performance and detection of 8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine at single-stranded DNA functionalized graphene modified glassy carbon electrode. , 2015, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[17]  S. Pruneanu,et al.  Pattern recognition of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine in biological fluids , 2017, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry.

[18]  I. Kinloch,et al.  How to get between the sheets: a review of recent works on the electrochemical exfoliation of graphene materials from bulk graphite. , 2015, Nanoscale.

[19]  B. D. de Martinis,et al.  Methodology for urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine analysis by HPLC with electrochemical detection. , 2002, Pharmacological research.

[20]  X. Sun,et al.  Chemically modified graphene and nitrogen-doped graphene: Electrochemical characterisation and sensing applications , 2013 .

[21]  Xin Lu,et al.  Evaluation of the oxidative deoxyribonucleic acid damage biomarker 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in the urine of leukemic children by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. , 2014, Journal of chromatography. A.

[22]  Uda Hashim,et al.  Advances in biosensors: Principle, architecture and applications ☆ , 2014 .

[23]  Rosy,et al.  Determination of 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine: A potential biomarker of oxidative stress, using carbon-allotropic nanomaterials modified glassy carbon sensor. , 2016, Talanta.

[24]  Wenli Li,et al.  Capillary electrophoretic determination of DNA damage markers: content of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and 8-nitroguanine in urine. , 2011, Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences.

[25]  J. Hokanson,et al.  Detection of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in deoxyribonucleic acid by the 32P-postlabeling method. , 1991, Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin.

[26]  P. Chang,et al.  Urinary 8-OHdG: a marker of oxidative stress to DNA and a risk factor for cancer, atherosclerosis and diabetics. , 2004, Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry.

[27]  Piero Zanello,et al.  Inorganic Electrochemistry: Theory, Practice, and Application , 2003 .

[28]  S. K. Bhavikatti,et al.  Estimation of 8-Hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in Saliva as a Marker of Oxidative Stress in Patients with Chronic Periodontitis: Preliminary Data. , 2017, Journal of the International Academy of Periodontology.

[29]  Y. Messaddeq,et al.  Application of screen-printed carbon electrode as an electrochemical transducer in biosensors , 2019, International Journal of Biosensors & Bioelectronics.

[30]  S. Tajik,et al.  Application of Graphene and Graphene Oxide for modification of electrochemical sensors and biosensors: A review , 2019 .

[31]  Liping Jia,et al.  Electrochemical reduction synthesis of graphene/Nafion nanocomposite film and its performance on the detection of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine in the presence of uric acid , 2013 .

[32]  M. Khan,et al.  Ultra-sensitive electrochemical detection of oxidative stress biomarker 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine with poly (L-arginine)/graphene wrapped Au nanoparticles modified electrode. , 2018, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[33]  I. Tothill.  Biosensors for cancer markers diagnosis. , 2009, Seminars in cell & developmental biology.

[34]  A. Mohamed,et al.  Toward high production of graphene flakes – a review on recent developments in their synthesis methods and scalability , 2018 .

[35]  G. Rivas,et al.  Determinatiom of 8‐Hydroxy 2′‐Deoxyguanosine Using Electrodes Modified with a Dispersion of Carbon Nanotubes in Polyethylenimine , 2011 .

[36]  A. Adetayo,et al.  Synthesis and Fabrication of Graphene and Graphene Oxide: A Review , 2019, Open Journal of Composite Materials.

[37]  Xiaoquan Lu,et al.  Constructing a novel 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine electrochemical sensor and application in evaluating the oxidative damages of DNA and guanine. , 2016, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[38]  V. Ganesan,et al.  Electrochemical sensor and biosensor platforms based on advanced nanomaterials for biological and biomedical applications. , 2018, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[39]  Choon Nam Ong,et al.  A high-throughput and sensitive methodology for the quantification of urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine: measurement with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after single solid-phase extraction. , 2004, The Biochemical journal.

[40]  Sea-Fue Wang,et al.  A novel electrochemical sensor for determination of DNA damage biomarker (8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine) in urine using sonochemically derived graphene oxide sheets covered zinc oxide flower modified electrode. , 2019, Ultrasonics sonochemistry.