Thermal comfort in offices in summer: Findings from a field study under the ‘setsuden’ conditions in Tokyo, Japan

Abstract Post Fukushima disaster, the energy consumption perspective in Japan has changed. It initiated unprecedented exercises towards energy saving and produced interesting results. These included the ‘setsuden (energy saving)’ campaigns, which promoted the minimum indoor temperature setting of 28 °C in summer. However, there is no scientific basis for this recommendation. Japan does not have adaptive comfort standards and the ASHRAE standard-55 does not include the data from the land of the rising sun. In this context, we conducted a thermal comfort field study in four office buildings in Tokyo for three months in summer 2012. We measured all the four environmental and the two personal variables. Through a paper based field survey, we interviewed 435 occupants who returned 2402 questionnaires. The occupants' comfort temperature was found to be 27.2 °C. Thermal acceptability was very high at 89% even when 26% of the environments were outside the three central categories of the thermal sensation scale. PMV always significantly overestimated the sensation owing to a wide range of adaptations by the subjects. The indoor air speeds were low, indicating a need for ceiling fans. In 50% of the environments the indoor temperature was more than the 28 °C limit. As the buildings were designed for AC mode, running them in NV mode posed challenges. This study calls for elaborate field studies in offices in Japan for the development of custom made adaptive comfort standards.