Issues in Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks

this planet and many oceanic and maritime applications seem relatively slow in exploiting the state-of-the-art info-communication technologies. The natural and man-made disasters that have taken place over the last few years have aroused significant interest in monitoring oceanic environments for scientific, environmental, commercial, safety, homeland security and military needs. The shipbuilding and offshore engineering industries are also increasingly interested in technologies like sensor networks as an economically viable alternative to currently adopted and costly methods used in seismic monitoring, structural health monitoring, installation and mooring, etc. Underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) are the enabling technology for wide range of applications like monitoring the strong influences and impact of climate regulation, nutrient production, oil retrieval and transportation The underwater environment differs from the terrestrial radio environment both in terms of its energy costs and channel propagation phenomena. The underwater channel is characterized by long propagation times and frequency-dependent attenuation that is highly affected by the distance between nodes as well as by the link orientation. Some of other issues in which UWSNs differ from terrestrial are limited bandwidth, constrained battery power, more failure of sensors because of fouling and corrosion, etc. This paper presents several fundamental key aspects and architectures of UWSNs, emerging research issues of underwater sensor networks and exposes the researchers into networking of underwater communication devices for exciting ocean monitoring and exploration applications. I. INTRODUCTION The Earth is a water planet. Around 70% of the surface of earth is covered by water. This is largely unexplored area and recently it has fascinated humans to explore it. Natural or man-made disasters that have taken place over the last few years have aroused significant interest in monitoring oceanic environments for scientific, environmental, commercial, safety, homeland security and military needs. The shipbuilding and offshore engineering industries are also increasingly interested in technologies like wireless sensor

[1]  M. J. Gans,et al.  On Limits of Wireless Communications in a Fading Environment when Using Multiple Antennas , 1998, Wirel. Pers. Commun..

[2]  S. M. Holt,et al.  Overview of ocean based buoys and drifters: present applications and future needs , 2001, MTS/IEEE Oceans 2001. An Ocean Odyssey. Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.01CH37295).

[3]  P. Casari,et al.  A Comparison of Multiple Access Techniques in Clustered Underwater Acoustic Networks , 2007, OCEANS 2007 - Europe.

[4]  Ivan Stojmenovic,et al.  Routing with Guaranteed Delivery in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks , 1999, DIALM '99.

[5]  A. Laouiti,et al.  Optimized link state routing protocol for ad hoc networks , 2001, Proceedings. IEEE International Multi Topic Conference, 2001. IEEE INMIC 2001. Technology for the 21st Century..

[6]  Yong Wang,et al.  Transport layer approaches for improving idle energy in challenged sensor networks , 2006, CHANTS '06.

[7]  L. Freitag,et al.  A Shallow Water Acoustic Network for Mine Countermeasures Operations with Autonomous Underwater Vehicles , 2005 .

[8]  Kevin R. Fall,et al.  A delay-tolerant network architecture for challenged internets , 2003, SIGCOMM '03.

[9]  Lu Xi-cheng.  A Review of Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks , 2006 .

[10]  Zaihan Jiang,et al.  UNDERWATER ACOUSTIC NETWORKS-ISSUES AND SOLUTIONS , 2008 .

[11]  Charles E. Perkins,et al.  Highly dynamic Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector routing (DSDV) for mobile computers , 1994, SIGCOMM.

[12]  J. G. Proakis,et al.  Direct sequence spread spectrum based modem for under water acoustic communication and channel measurements , 1999, Oceans '99. MTS/IEEE. Riding the Crest into the 21st Century. Conference and Exhibition. Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.99CH37008).

[13]  J. A. Catipovic,et al.  Phase-coherent digital communications for underwater acoustic channels , 1994 .

[14]  M. Stojanovic,et al.  Underwater acoustic networks , 2000, IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering.

[15]  J.A.C. Bingham,et al.  Multicarrier modulation for data transmission: an idea whose time has come , 1990, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[16]  E. Cayirci,et al.  A Mac Protocol for Tactical Underwater Surveillance Networks , 2006, MILCOM 2006 - 2006 IEEE Military Communications conference.

[17]  Emre Telatar,et al.  Capacity of Multi-antenna Gaussian Channels , 1999, Eur. Trans. Telecommun..

[18]  Özgür B. Akan,et al.  Event-to-sink reliable transport in wireless sensor networks , 2005, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking.

[19]  N. Ramanathan,et al.  A stream-oriented power management protocol for low duty cycle sensor network applications , 2005, The Second IEEE Workshop on Embedded Networked Sensors, 2005. EmNetS-II..

[20]  J. A. Catipovic,et al.  Adaptive multiuser detection for underwater acoustical channels , 1994 .

[21]  K. Shadan,et al.  Available online: , 2012 .

[22]  Jerry Zhao,et al.  Habitat monitoring: application driver for wireless communications technology , 2001, CCRV.

[23]  V. Rodoplu,et al.  An energy-efficient MAC protocol for underwater wireless acoustic networks , 2005, Proceedings of OCEANS 2005 MTS/IEEE.

[24]  John Anderson,et al.  Wireless sensor networks for habitat monitoring , 2002, WSNA '02.

[25]  M. Stojanovic,et al.  A Channel Sharing Scheme for Underwater Cellular Networks , 2007, OCEANS 2007 - Europe.

[26]  C. Bjerrum-Niese,et al.  Stochastic simulation of acoustic communication in turbulent shallow water , 2000, IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering.

[27]  MengChu Zhou,et al.  A prioritized parallel transmission MAC protocol for all-IP wireless WAN beyond 3G , 2003, SMC'03 Conference Proceedings. 2003 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics. Conference Theme - System Security and Assurance (Cat. No.03CH37483).

[28]  Milica Stojanovic,et al.  Multichannel processing of broad-band multiuser communication signals in shallow water acoustic channels , 1996 .

[29]  G. Giannakis,et al.  Wireless Multicarrier Communications where Fourier Meets , 2022 .

[30]  L. Freitag,et al.  Acoustic Communications for Regional Undersea Observatories , 2002 .

[31]  Peter I. Corke,et al.  Data collection, storage, and retrieval with an underwater sensor network , 2005, SenSys '05.

[32]  Mohsen Badiey,et al.  Frequency dependence and intensity fluctuations due to shallow water internal waves. , 2007, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[33]  Dario Pompili,et al.  Underwater acoustic sensor networks: research challenges , 2005, Ad Hoc Networks.

[34]  Craig A. Grimes,et al.  Design of a Wireless Sensor Network for Long-term, In-Situ Monitoring of an Aqueous Environment , 2002 .

[35]  M. Chitre,et al.  On the use of rate-less codes in underwater acoustic file transfers , 2007, OCEANS 2007 - Europe.

[36]  S. M. Smith,et al.  A peer-to-peer communication protocol for underwater acoustic communication , 1997, Oceans '97. MTS/IEEE Conference Proceedings.

[37]  Mandar Chitre,et al.  A high-frequency warm shallow water acoustic communications channel model and measurements. , 2007, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[38]  Reagan Moore,et al.  The SDSC storage resource broker , 2010, CASCON.

[39]  Dario Pompili,et al.  Optimal local topology knowledge for energy efficient geographical routing in sensor networks , 2004, IEEE INFOCOM 2004.

[40]  L. Bjorno,et al.  A simulation tool for high data-rate acoustic communication in a shallow-water, time-varying channel , 1996 .

[41]  Rajashekhar C. Biradar,et al.  A survey on routing protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2012, 2012 18th IEEE International Conference on Networks (ICON).

[42]  K. Kebkal,et al.  Data-link protocol for underwater acoustic networks , 2005, Europe Oceans 2005.

[43]  T.M. Duman,et al.  High-Rate Communication for Underwater Acoustic Channels Using Multiple Transmitters and Space–Time Coding: Receiver Structures and Experimental Results , 2007, IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering.

[44]  Milica Stojanovic,et al.  Frequency reuse underwater: capacity of an acoustic cellular network , 2007, Underwater Networks.

[45]  M. Stojanovic,et al.  Multi-cluster protocol for ad hoc mobile underwater acoustic networks , 2003, Oceans 2003. Celebrating the Past ... Teaming Toward the Future (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37492).