Density‐dependent effects on tree survival in an old‐growth Douglas fir forest

1  We mapped the locations of live and dead trees in a large forest plot dominated by pioneer Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) with an understorey of the invading late‐successional species western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) and western red cedar (Thuja plicata) on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, to test for intra‐ and interspecific density‐dependent effects on tree survival.

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