Surface Modification of Gold Nanoparticles with Small Molecules for Biochemical Analysis.

As one of the major tools for and by chemical science, biochemical analysis is becoming increasingly important in fields like clinical diagnosis, food safety, environmental monitoring, and the development of chemistry and biochemistry. The advancement of nanotechnology boosts the development of analytical chemistry, particularly the nanoparticle (NP)-based approaches for biochemical assays. Functional NPs can greatly improve the performance of biochemical analysis because they can accelerate signal transduction, enhance the signal intensity, and enable convenient signal readout due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Surface chemistry is a widely used tool to functionalize NPs, and the strategy for surface modification is of great significance to the application of NP-mediated biochemical assays. Surface chemistry not only affects the quality of NPs (stability, monodispersity, and biocompatibility) but also provides functional groups (-COO-, -NH3+, -CHO, and so on) or charges that can be exploited for bioconjugation or ligand exchange. Surface chemistry also dictates the sensitivity and specificity of the NP-mediated biochemical assays, since it is vital to the orientation, accessibility, and bioactivity of the functionalized ligands on the NPs. In this Account, we will focus on surface chemistry for functionalization of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with small organic molecules for biochemical analysis. Compared to other NPs, AuNPs have many merits including controllable synthesis, easy surface modification and high molar absorption coefficient, making them ideal probes for biochemical assays. Small-molecule functionalized AuNPs are widely employed to develop sensors for biochemical analysis, considering that small molecules, such as amino acids and sulfhydryl compounds, are more easily and controllably bioconjugated to the surface of AuNPs than biomacromolecules due to their less complex structure and steric hindrance. The orientation and accessibility of small molecules on AuNPs in most cases can be precisely controlled without compromising their bioactivity as well, thus ensuring the performance, such as the specificity and sensitivity, of AuNP-based biochemical assays. This Account reviews recent progress in the surface chemistry of functionalized AuNPs for biochemical assays. The surface chemistries mainly include click chemistry, ligand exchange reaction, and coordination-based recognition. These surface-modified AuNPs allow for assaying a range of important biochemical markers including metal ions, small biomolecules, enzymes, and antigens and antibodies. Applications of these systems range from environmental monitoring to medical diagnostics. This Account highlights the advantages and limitations (sensitivity, detection efficiency, and stability) that AuNP-mediated assays still have compared with conventional analytical methods. This Account also discusses the future research directions of surface-modified AuNP-mediated biochemical analysis. The main aim of this Account is to summarize the current surface modification strategies for AuNPs and further demonstrate how to make use of surface modification strategies to effectively improve the performance of AuNP-mediated analytical methods for a wide variety of applications relating to biochemical analysis.

[1]  Qian Wang,et al.  Bioconjugation by copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne [3 + 2] cycloaddition. , 2003, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[2]  C. Mirkin,et al.  A gold-nanoparticle-based real-time colorimetric screening method for endonuclease activity and inhibition. , 2007, Angewandte Chemie.

[3]  D. Fernig,et al.  Determination of size and concentration of gold nanoparticles from UV-vis spectra. , 2007, Analytical chemistry.

[4]  Xingyu Jiang,et al.  Visual detection of copper(II) by azide- and alkyne-functionalized gold nanoparticles using click chemistry. , 2008, Angewandte Chemie.

[5]  W. Chan,et al.  Synthesis and surface modification of highly monodispersed, spherical gold nanoparticles of 50-200 nm. , 2009, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[6]  Wei Zhang,et al.  Strategy for the Modification of Electrospun Fibers that Allows Diverse Functional Groups for Biomolecular Entrapment , 2010 .

[7]  Wei Zhang,et al.  Highly sensitive, colorimetric detection of mercury(II) in aqueous media by quaternary ammonium group-capped gold nanoparticles at room temperature. , 2010, Analytical chemistry.

[8]  Kang Sun,et al.  Resettable, multi-readout logic gates based on controllably reversible aggregation of gold nanoparticles. , 2011, Angewandte Chemie.

[9]  Xingyu Jiang,et al.  Gold nanoparticles for the colorimetric and fluorescent detection of ions and small organic molecules. , 2011, Nanoscale.

[10]  Xingyu Jiang,et al.  Copper-mediated amplification allows readout of immunoassays by the naked eye. , 2011, Angewandte Chemie.

[11]  W. Binder,et al.  Click-chemistry for nanoparticle-modification , 2011 .

[12]  Jianzhong Shen,et al.  Quantification of proteins by functionalized gold nanoparticles using click chemistry. , 2012, Analytical chemistry.

[13]  Sarit S. Agasti,et al.  Gold nanoparticles in chemical and biological sensing. , 2012, Chemical reviews.

[14]  Xing Chen,et al.  Cell-selective metabolic glycan labeling based on ligand-targeted liposomes. , 2012, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[15]  Huangxian Ju,et al.  Signal amplification using functional nanomaterials for biosensing. , 2012, Chemical Society reviews.

[16]  Jiashu Sun,et al.  Highly robust, recyclable displacement assay for mercuric ions in aqueous solutions and living cells. , 2012, ACS nano.

[17]  Xingyu Jiang,et al.  A highly sensitive, dual-readout assay based on gold nanoparticles for organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides. , 2012, Analytical chemistry.

[18]  F. Porta,et al.  Protein-assisted one-pot synthesis and biofunctionalization of spherical gold nanoparticles for selective targeting of cancer cells. , 2012, Angewandte Chemie.

[19]  Site-specific conjugation of ScFvs antibodies to nanoparticles by bioorthogonal strain-promoted alkyne-nitrone cycloaddition. , 2012, Angewandte Chemie.

[20]  Jiashu Sun,et al.  A Highly Sensitive Gold‐Nanoparticle‐Based Assay for Acetylcholinesterase in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Transgenic Mice with Alzheimer's Disease , 2012, Advanced healthcare materials.

[21]  Zhong-Qun Tian,et al.  A bioorthogonal Raman reporter strategy for SERS detection of glycans on live cells. , 2013, Angewandte Chemie.

[22]  B. Hong,et al.  Biomedical applications of graphene and graphene oxide. , 2013, Accounts of chemical research.

[23]  Xingyu Jiang,et al.  Nanomaterials for Ultrasensitive Protein Detection , 2013, Advanced materials.

[24]  Xiaodong Chen,et al.  Colorimetric detection of mercury ions based on plasmonic nanoparticles. , 2013, Small.

[25]  D. Pang,et al.  Enzyme-induced metallization as a signal amplification strategy for highly sensitive colorimetric detection of avian influenza virus particles. , 2014, Analytical chemistry.

[26]  Ying-Wei Yang,et al.  Switchable host-guest systems on surfaces. , 2014, Accounts of chemical research.

[27]  M. Colombo,et al.  Biotechnological approaches toward nanoparticle biofunctionalization. , 2014, Trends in biotechnology.

[28]  Bowen Zhu,et al.  Optical reading of contaminants in aqueous media based on gold nanoparticles. , 2014, Small.

[29]  Nan Song,et al.  Switchable Host-Guest Systems on Surfaces , 2014 .

[30]  Shaojun Dong,et al.  Molecular aptamer beacon tuned DNA strand displacement to transform small molecules into DNA logic outputs. , 2014, Chemical communications.

[31]  Xingyu Jiang,et al.  A plasmonic nanosensor for immunoassay via enzyme-triggered click chemistry. , 2014, ACS nano.

[32]  Carlo P Ramil,et al.  Bioorthogonal Chemistry: Strategies and Recent Developments , 2014 .

[33]  Yi Zhang,et al.  Label-free colorimetric detection of cadmium ions in rice samples using gold nanoparticles. , 2014, Analytical chemistry.

[34]  Chunhai Fan,et al.  Functional nanoprobes for ultrasensitive detection of biomolecules: an update. , 2014, Chemical Society reviews.

[35]  George C Schatz,et al.  Using DNA to Design Plasmonic Metamaterials with Tunable Optical Properties , 2020, Advanced materials.

[36]  Jun‐Jie Zhu,et al.  Robust nonenzymatic hybrid nanoelectrocatalysts for signal amplification toward ultrasensitive electrochemical cytosensing. , 2014, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[37]  Xingyu Jiang,et al.  Colorimetric logic gates through molecular recognition and plasmonic nanoparticles. , 2014, Small.

[38]  Jiashu Sun,et al.  Point-of-care biochemical assays using gold nanoparticle-implemented microfluidics. , 2014, Chemical Society reviews.

[39]  Xiaogang Qu,et al.  Catalytically active nanomaterials: a promising candidate for artificial enzymes. , 2014, Accounts of chemical research.

[40]  John H T Luong,et al.  Hairpin DNA as a biobarcode modified on gold nanoparticles for electrochemical DNA detection. , 2015, Analytical chemistry.

[41]  Xingyu Jiang,et al.  A Dispersion-Dominated Chromogenic Strategy for Colorimetric Sensing of Glutathione at the Nanomolar Level Using Gold Nanoparticles. , 2015, Small.

[42]  Yu Wang,et al.  One-step detection of pathogens and viruses: combining magnetic relaxation switching and magnetic separation. , 2015, ACS nano.

[43]  Hong Xu,et al.  Improvement of Protein Immobilization and Bioactivity of Magnetic Carriers Using a Brushed Beads-on-Beads Structure. , 2015, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[44]  Lu Zhang,et al.  Microfluidic Synthesis of Rigid Nanovesicles for Hydrophilic Reagents Delivery** , 2015, Angewandte Chemie.

[45]  Xingyu Jiang,et al.  Horseradish Peroxidase-Mediated, Iodide-Catalyzed Cascade Reaction for Plasmonic Immunoassays. , 2015, Analytical chemistry.

[46]  Peng Xu,et al.  Detection of the nanomolar level of total Cr[(iii) and (vi)] by functionalized gold nanoparticles and a smartphone with the assistance of theoretical calculation models. , 2015, Nanoscale.

[47]  Zhi Zhu,et al.  Translating Molecular Recognition into a Pressure Signal to enable Rapid, Sensitive, and Portable Biomedical Analysis. , 2015, Angewandte Chemie.

[48]  F. Alonso,et al.  Copper Nanoparticles in Click Chemistry , 2015 .

[49]  Jiye Shi,et al.  DNA-directed assembly of gold nanohalo for quantitative plasmonic imaging of single-particle catalysis. , 2015, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[50]  Haowen Huang,et al.  Strategy To Fabricate Naked-Eye Readout Ultrasensitive Plasmonic Nanosensor Based on Enzyme Mimetic Gold Nanoclusters. , 2016, Analytical chemistry.

[51]  Xingyu Jiang,et al.  Recyclable Colorimetric Detection of Trivalent Cations in Aqueous Media Using Zwitterionic Gold Nanoparticles. , 2016, Analytical chemistry.