Transdermal therapy and diagnosis by iontophoresis.

Iontophoresis, the use of an electric current to drive charged molecules across the skin, has the potential to expand the feasible range of drugs for transdermal administration significantly. This method of delivery is being examined carefully with respect to higher-molecular-weight therapeutics (in particular, peptides and small proteins), which cannot be absorbed following oral administration and for which, at this time, an invasive injection remains the only option. In addition, the procedure of so-called 'reverse' iontophoresis would appear to represent a truly noninvasive approach for diagnostic monitoring of blood chemistry.

[1]  L. Miller,et al.  Transdermal iontophoresis of gonadotropin releasing hormone (LHRH) and two analogues. , 1990, Journal of pharmaceutical sciences.

[2]  H. Bundgaard,et al.  Prodrugs of peptides. 7. Transdermal delivery of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) via prodrugs , 1990 .

[3]  R. Guy,et al.  Iontophoretic delivery of nafarelin across the skin , 1995 .

[4]  R. Burnette,et al.  Comparison between the iontophoretic and passive transport of thyrotropin releasing hormone across excised nude mouse skin. , 1986, Journal of pharmaceutical sciences.

[5]  R. Guy,et al.  Transdermal iontophoresis of amino acids and peptides in vitro , 1992 .

[6]  Y. Kalia,et al.  Transdermal delivery of peptides by iontophoresis , 1996, Nature Biotechnology.

[7]  V. Préat,et al.  Human Calcitonin Delivery in Rats by Iontophoresis , 1994, The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology.

[8]  S. Kulkarni,et al.  Transdermal iontophoretic delivery of ketoprofen through human cadaver skin and in humans , 1997 .

[9]  B. Ongpipattanakul,et al.  Characterization of the permselective properties of excised human skin during iontophoresis. , 1987, Journal of pharmaceutical sciences.

[10]  P. Ledger.  Skin biological issues in electrically enhanced transdermal delivery , 1992 .

[11]  Russell O. Potts,et al.  Measurement of glucose in diabetic subjects using noninvasive transdermal extraction , 1995, Nature Medicine.

[12]  R. Guy.  A sweeter life for diabetics? , 1995, Nature Medicine.

[13]  M. Ashburn,et al.  The Iontophoresis of Fentanyl Citrate in Humans , 1995, Anesthesiology.

[14]  K. Soltani,et al.  Iontophoresis in dermatology. A review. , 1986, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

[15]  W. Shi,et al.  Direct current iontophoretic transdermal delivery of peptide and protein drugs. , 1989, Journal of pharmaceutical sciences.

[16]  Y. Chien,et al.  Transdermal iontophoretic delivery of arginine-vasopressin (I): Physicochemical considerations , 1989 .

[17]  Malone Jm.  Local anesthesia obtained via iontophoresis as an aid to shave biopsy. , 1992 .

[18]  R. Khar,et al.  Enhanced skin permeation of diclofenac by iontophoresis: in vitro and in vivo studies , 1996 .

[19]  P. Elias,et al.  The permeability barrier in mammalian epidermis , 1975, The Journal of cell biology.

[20]  Webster Hl.  Laboratory Diagnosis of Cystic Fibrosis , 1982 .

[21]  H. Hui,et al.  The Effects of Formulation Variables on Iontophoretic Transdermal Delivery of Leuprolide to Humans , 1993 .

[22]  B. Testa,et al.  The skin as a drug-metabolizing organ. , 1978, Drug metabolism reviews.

[23]  H. Maibach,et al.  Topical Drug Bioavailability, Bioequivalence, and Penetration , 1993, Springer US.

[24]  R. Guy,et al.  Iontophoresis of nafarelin: Effects of current density and concentration on electrotransport in vitro , 1995 .