Some factors affecting the behavioural manifestation of oestrus in cattle: a review.

The development of more efficient and cost-effective oestrous detection techniques for cattle depends on a thorough understanding of the changes in behaviour and physiology of the female during its oestrous cycle. Variability in the expression of oestrous behaviours both between individuals and over successive oestrous cycles complicates this process. This review considers many of the biological and environmental factors that influence the intensity and duration of oestrous behaviours in domestic cattle. Topics discussed include dominant-subordinate relationships, social facilitation, animal density, oestrous synchronisation, nutritional status, age and physiological state, presence of the bull and breed differences. Facility design, cattle management and various techniques used to detect oestrus (e.g. frequency, duration and timing of observations) directly influence the efficiency of oestrous detection programs. Environmental phenomena such as weather, day length, photoperiod and ambient temperature also affect the expression of oestrous behaviours.