Editor's Choice - Management of Atherosclerotic Carotid and Vertebral Artery Disease: 2017 Clinical Practice Guidelines of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS).

Re : "Management of Atherosclerotic Carotid and Vertebral Disease: 2017 Clinical Practice Guidelines of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS)"

[1]  M. Schemper,et al.  Antiplatelet Treatment Prolongs Survival After Carotid Bifurcation Endarterectomy: Analysis of the Clinical Series Followed by a Controlled Trial , 1990, Annals of surgery.

[2]  O. Steichen.  Silent embolic infarcts on computed tomography brain scans and risk of ipsilateral hemispheric events in patients with asymptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis , 2009 .

[3]  H. Mudra,et al.  Fifteen-year experience with carotid artery stenting (from the carotid artery stenting-registry of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Leitende Kardiologische Krankenhausärzte). , 2015, The American journal of cardiology.

[4]  R. Sayers,et al.  Patch corrugation on duplex ultrasonography may be an early warning of prosthetic patch infection. , 2005, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[5]  A. Rabinstein.  Asymptomatic embolisation for prediction of stroke in the Asymptomatic Carotid Emboli Study (ACES): a prospective observational study , 2011 .

[6]  Enrico Ascher,et al.  Updated Society for Vascular Surgery guidelines for management of extracranial carotid disease. , 2011, Journal of vascular surgery.

[7]  A. Fox,et al.  Risk factors and outcome of patients with carotid artery stenosis presenting with lacunar stroke , 2000, Neurology.

[8]  D. Cromwell,et al.  Editor's Choice - Delays to Surgery and Procedural Risks Following Carotid Endarterectomy in the UK National Vascular Registry. , 2016, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[9]  G. Mashour,et al.  Perioperative Stroke and Associated Mortality after Noncardiac, Nonneurologic Surgery , 2011, Anesthesiology.

[10]  L. Chiche,et al.  Distal vertebral artery reconstruction: long-term outcome. , 2002, Journal of vascular surgery.

[11]  J. Pandit,et al.  Superficial or deep cervical plexus block for carotid endarterectomy: a systematic review of complications. , 2007, British journal of anaesthesia.

[12]  R. Moratto,et al.  Urgent Carotid Artery Stenting With Technical Modifications for Patients With Transient Ischemic Attacks and Minor Stroke , 2012, Journal of endovascular therapy : an official journal of the International Society of Endovascular Specialists.

[13]  C. Imray,et al.  Control of emboli in patients with recurrent or crescendo transient ischaemic attacks using preoperative transcranial Doppler‐directed Dextran therapy , 2003, The British journal of surgery.

[14]  S. Lewis,et al.  Is heparin reversal with protamine after carotid endarterectomy dangerous? , 2008, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[15]  V. Aboyans,et al.  Indications for carotid screening in patients with coronary artery disease. , 2009, Presse medicale.

[16]  A. Folsom,et al.  Physical Activity and Stroke Risk: A Meta-Analysis , 2003 .

[17]  K. Wong,et al.  Low-molecular-weight heparin compared with aspirin for the treatment of acute ischaemic stroke in Asian patients with large artery occlusive disease: a randomised study , 2007, The Lancet Neurology.

[18]  T. Reina-Gutiérrez,et al.  Disease Progression in the Contralateral Carotid Artery after Endarterectomy , 2005, Annals of vascular surgery.

[19]  T. Collyer.  Regional anaesthesia and patients with abnormalities of coagulation , 2013, Anaesthesia.

[20]  StéphanieDebette,et al.  Subcortical Hyperintensities Are Associated With Cognitive Decline in Patients With Mild Cognitive Impairment , 2007 .

[21]  AngelOis,et al.  High Risk of Early Neurological Recurrence in Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis , 2009 .

[22]  T. Richards,et al.  Incidence, Impact, and Predictors of Cranial Nerve Palsy and Haematoma Following Carotid Endarterectomy in the International Carotid Stenting Study , 2014, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[23]  V. Bernhard,et al.  The relationship of postoperative hypertension to complications following carotid endarterectomy. , 1981, Surgery.

[24]  M. Mokin,et al.  Early carotid angioplasty and stenting may offer non-inferior treatment for symptomatic cases of carotid artery stenosis , 2013, Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery.

[25]  A. Algra,et al.  Stenting versus medical treatment in patients with symptomatic vertebral artery stenosis: a randomised open-label phase 2 trial , 2015, The Lancet Neurology.

[26]  Ji-Bin Liu,et al.  Color Doppler imaging evaluation of proximal vertebral artery stenosis. , 2009, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[27]  Hong Wang,et al.  Long-term results of carotid stenting versus endarterectomy in high-risk patients. , 2008, The New England journal of medicine.

[28]  A. Neskovic,et al.  Immediate reoperation for perioperative stroke after 2250 carotid endarterectomies: differences between intraoperative and early postoperative stroke. , 1999, Journal of vascular surgery.

[29]  P. Alderson,et al.  Perioperative statin therapy for improving outcomes during and after noncardiac vascular surgery. , 2013, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[30]  P. Faries,et al.  Analysis of parameters associated with hypotension requiring vasopressor support after carotid angioplasty and stenting. , 2006, Journal of vascular surgery.

[31]  P. Wolf,et al.  Carotid artery atherosclerosis, MRI indices of brain ischemia, aging, and cognitive impairment: the Framingham study. , 2009, Stroke.

[32]  P. Sørensen,et al.  Danish very-low-dose aspirin after carotid endarterectomy trial. , 1988, Stroke.

[33]  J. Ricco,et al.  Protamine Reduces Bleeding Complications without Increasing the Risk of Stroke after Carotid Endarterectomy: A Meta-analysis. , 2016, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[34]  Ralph G. Dacey,et al.  Carotid Endarterectomy and Prevention of Cerebral Ischemia in Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis , 1991 .

[35]  D. Nilasena,et al.  Multistate utilization, processes, and outcomes of carotid endarterectomy. , 2001, Journal of vascular surgery.

[36]  J. Parvizi,et al.  Total joint arthroplasty: When do fatal or near-fatal complications occur? , 2006, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume.

[37]  Samuel S. Ahn,et al.  Interposition grafts for difficult carotid artery reconstruction: a 17-year experience. , 2008, Annals of vascular surgery.

[38]  D. Inzitari,et al.  Urgent carotid endarterectomy in patients with recent/crescendo transient ischaemic attacks or acute stroke. , 2011, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[39]  G. D. de Borst,et al.  How should I treat a patient with a tandem carotid artery atherosclerotic stenosis involving the internal carotid artery and the innominate/proximal common carotid artery? , 2015, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[40]  H. Kashimura,et al.  Clinical and angiographic long-term outcomes of vertebral artery-subclavian artery transposition to treat symptomatic stenosis of vertebral artery origin. , 2009, Journal of neurosurgery.

[41]  T. Brott,et al.  Incidence, outcomes, and effect on quality of life of cranial nerve injury in the Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy versus Stenting Trial. , 2015, Journal of Vascular Surgery.

[42]  A. Comerota,et al.  Intraoperative high-dose regional urokinase infusion for cerebrovascular occlusion after carotid endarterectomy. , 1996, Journal of vascular surgery.

[43]  O. Vysata,et al.  Symptoms and signs of posterior circulation ischemia in the new England medical center posterior circulation registry. , 2012, Archives of neurology.

[44]  W. Hacke,et al.  Carotid endarterectomy and local intraarterial thrombolysis: simultaneous procedure in acute occlusion of the internal carotid artery and middle cerebral artery embolism. , 1995, Journal of vascular surgery.

[45]  R. Spetzler,et al.  MICROSURGICAL REVASCULARIZATION OF PROXIMAL VERTEBRAL ARTERY: A SINGLE‐CENTER, SINGLE‐OPERATOR ANALYSIS , 2009, Neurosurgery.

[46]  C. McCollum,et al.  Association of cerebral emboli with accelerated cognitive deterioration in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. , 2012, The American journal of psychiatry.

[47]  M. Stoneham,et al.  Arterial pressure management and carotid endarterectomy. , 2009, British journal of anaesthesia.

[48]  C. Shortell,et al.  Predictors of 30-day postoperative stroke or death after carotid endarterectomy using the 2012 carotid endarterectomy-targeted American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. , 2015, Journal of vascular surgery.

[49]  Rodney A. White,et al.  The impact of Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services high-risk criteria on outcome after carotid endarterectomy and carotid artery stenting in the SVS Vascular Registry. , 2013, Journal of vascular surgery.

[50]  Dual Antiplatelet Therapy Does Not Increase the Risk of Bleeding After Carotid Endarterectomy: Results of a Prospective Study. , 2017, Annals of vascular surgery.

[51]  M. Bots,et al.  Atherosclerotic Plaque Vulnerability as an Explanation for the Increased Risk of Stroke in Elderly Undergoing Carotid Artery Stenting , 2011, Stroke.

[52]  K. Major,et al.  Vertebral Artery Ostium Atherosclerotic Plaque as a Potential Source of Posterior Circulation Ischemic Stroke: Result From Borgess Medical Center Vertebral Artery Ostium Stenting Registry , 2011, Stroke.

[53]  M M Thompson,et al.  The relationship between hospital case volume and outcome from carotid endartectomy in England from 2000 to 2005. , 2007, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[54]  R. Collins,et al.  Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials , 2009, The Lancet.

[55]  D. Cull,et al.  The value of a carotid duplex surveillance program for stroke prevention. , 2011, Annals of vascular surgery.

[56]  W. Gray,et al.  SCAI/SVM expert consensus statement on Carotid Stenting: Training and credentialing for Carotid Stenting , 2016, Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions.

[57]  F. Gao,et al.  The long term results of vertebral artery ostium stenting in a single center , 2014, Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery.

[58]  A. Algra,et al.  Risk, causes, and prevention of ischaemic stroke in elderly patients with symptomatic internal-carotid-artery stenosis , 2001, The Lancet.

[59]  T. Schroeder,et al.  Identification of patients at risk for ischaemic cerebral complications after carotid endarterectomy with TCD monitoring. , 2005, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[60]  M. Eliasziw,et al.  Endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis in relation to clinical subgroups and timing of surgery , 2004, The Lancet.

[61]  H. Rusinek,et al.  Protruding aortic atheromas predict stroke in elderly patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass: experience with intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography. , 1992, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[62]  Z. Krajcer,et al.  Brachiocephalic reconstruction I: operative and long-term results for complex disease. , 2005, Journal of vascular surgery.

[63]  Stein Harald Johnsen,et al.  Risk Factors for Progression of Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Total Plaque Area: A 13-Year Follow-Up Study The Tromsø Study , 2012, Stroke.

[64]  C. Torp-Pedersen,et al.  Time elapsed after ischemic stroke and risk of adverse cardiovascular events and mortality following elective noncardiac surgery. , 2014, JAMA.

[65]  G. Schroth,et al.  Risk of very early recurrent cerebrovascular events in symptomatic carotid artery stenosis. , 2013, Journal of neurosurgery.

[66]  W. Fry,et al.  Extrathoracic carotid reconstruction: the subclavian-carotid artery bypass. , 1992, Journal of vascular surgery.

[67]  W. Elliott.  Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Antihypertensive Treatment: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials , 2007 .

[68]  S. Macdonald,et al.  Towards safer carotid artery stenting: a scoring system for anatomic suitability. , 2009, Stroke.

[69]  V. Caso,et al.  Effects of statins on early and late results of carotid stenting. , 2010, Journal of vascular surgery.

[70]  A. Nicolaides,et al.  Severity of asymptomatic carotid stenosis and risk of ipsilateral hemispheric ischaemic events: results from the ACSRS study. , 2005, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[71]  M. Abrahamowicz,et al.  Lack of Effect of Aspirin in Asymptomatic Patients with Carotid Bruits and Substantial Carotid Narrowing , 1995, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[72]  C. Pournaras,et al.  Ocular ischemic syndrome. , 2010, Survey of ophthalmology.

[73]  P. Rothwell,et al.  A systematic review of outcomes following staged and synchronous carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass. , 2003, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[74]  A. Naylor,et al.  Seizures after carotid endarterectomy: hyperperfusion, dysautoregulation or hypertensive encephalopathy? , 2003, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[75]  A. Algra,et al.  Early Endarterectomy Carries a Lower Procedural Risk Than Early Stenting in Patients With Symptomatic Stenosis of the Internal Carotid Artery: Results From 4 Randomized Controlled Trials , 2017, Stroke.

[76]  A. Lowenthal.  The European Stroke Prevention Study , 1988, Acta neurologica Belgica.

[77]  L. Hirt.  Progression Rate and Ipsilateral Neurological Events in Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis , 2014, Stroke.

[78]  R. Collins,et al.  Effects of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin on stroke and other major vascular events in 20 536 people with cerebrovascular disease or other high-risk conditions , 2004, The Lancet.

[79]  C. Rockman,et al.  Early carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients is associated with poorer perioperative outcomes. , 2006, Journal of vascular surgery.

[80]  Pina C. Sanelli,et al.  Carotid Plaque MRI and Stroke Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis , 2013, Stroke.

[81]  C. Wallesch,et al.  Impaired cerebral autoregulation distal to carotid stenosis/occlusion is associated with increased risk of stroke at cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. , 2007, The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery.

[82]  S. Gutnikov,et al.  Analysis of pooled data from the randomised controlled trials of endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis , 2003, The Lancet.

[83]  L. Caplan,et al.  Current concepts: Vertebrobasilar disease , 2005 .

[84]  P. Gorelick,et al.  Early Dual Versus Mono Antiplatelet Therapy for Acute Non-Cardioembolic Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack , 2022 .

[85]  R Brian Haynes,et al.  Low-dose and high-dose acetylsalicylic acid for patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy: a randomised controlled trial , 1999, The Lancet.

[86]  P. Rothwell,et al.  Stroke Risk After Posterior Circulation Stroke/Transient Ischemic Attack and its Relationship to Site of Vertebrobasilar Stenosis: Pooled Data Analysis From Prospective Studies , 2013, Stroke.

[87]  A. Nicolaides,et al.  ESVS guidelines. Invasive treatment for carotid stenosis: indications, techniques. , 2009, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[88]  Joel A. Lardizabal,et al.  Oral Midodrine Is Effective for the Treatment of Hypotension Associated With Carotid Artery Stenting , 2008, Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology and therapeutics.

[89]  K. Kent,et al.  Relation of proton pump inhibitor use after percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting stents to outcomes. , 2010, The American journal of cardiology.

[90]  William J Powers,et al.  Extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery for stroke prevention in hemodynamic cerebral ischemia: the Carotid Occlusion Surgery Study randomized trial. , 2011, JAMA.

[91]  E. Brountzos,et al.  Association between plaque echogenicity and embolic material captured in filter during protected carotid angioplasty and stenting. , 2012, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[92]  N. Delanty,et al.  Hypertensive emergencies , 2000, The Lancet.

[93]  Luca Scalfi,et al.  Excess Body Weight and Incidence of Stroke: Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies With 2 Million Participants , 2010, Stroke.

[94]  M. Stoneham,et al.  Regional anaesthesia for carotid endarterectomy. , 1999, British journal of anaesthesia.

[95]  Jennifer G. Robinson,et al.  2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. , 2014, Circulation.

[96]  V. Gama,et al.  Combined carotid stenting and urgent coronary artery surgery in unstable angina patients with severe carotid stenosis. , 2009, Interactive cardiovascular and thoracic surgery.

[97]  C. Imray,et al.  Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography‐directed intravenous glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist therapy to control transient cerebral microemboli before and after carotid endarterectomy , 2008, The British journal of surgery.

[98]  L. Bonati,et al.  Percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty and stenting for carotid artery stenosis. , 2012, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[99]  G. Antoniou,et al.  Meta-analysis of retrojugular versus antejugular approach for carotid endarterectomy. , 2014, Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England.

[100]  A. Nicolaides,et al.  Long-term Mortality in Patients with Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis: Implications for Statin Therapy. , 2015, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[101]  G. Doros,et al.  The need for treatment of hemodynamic instability following carotid endarterectomy is associated with increased perioperative and 1-year morbidity and mortality. , 2014, Journal of vascular surgery.

[102]  G. Moneta.  Ultrasonic plaque echolucency and emboli signals predict stroke in asymptomatic carotid stenosis , 2012 .

[103]  M. Shishehbor,et al.  A direct comparison of early and late outcomes with three approaches to carotid revascularization and open heart surgery. , 2013, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[104]  M. Kikura,et al.  Myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular accident following non‐cardiac surgery: differences in postoperative temporal distribution and risk factors , 2008, Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH.

[105]  P. Sandercock,et al.  Patterns of Vascular Pathology in Acute, First-Ever Cerebral Infarction , 1993, Scottish medical journal.

[106]  S. Houle,et al.  Effect of perioperative platelet inhibition on postcarotid endarterectomy mural thrombus formation. Results of a prospective randomized controlled trial using aspirin and dipyridamole in humans. , 1985, Journal of neurosurgery.

[107]  D. Leys,et al.  The Role of Carotid Artery Stenting and Carotid Endarterectomy in Cognitive Performance: A Systematic Review , 2008, Stroke.

[108]  R. Naylor.  Management of prosthetic patch infection after CEA. , 2016, The Journal of cardiovascular surgery.

[109]  R. Nogueira,et al.  A Systematic Review of Stenting and Angioplasty of Symptomatic Extracranial Vertebral Artery Stenosis , 2011, Stroke.

[110]  F. Veith,et al.  How Many of You Can Read But Still Not See? A Comment on a Recent Review of Carotid Guidelines. , 2016, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[111]  N. Kouchoukos,et al.  Strategy for the reduction of stroke incidence in cardiac surgical patients. , 1993, The Annals of thoracic surgery.

[112]  A. Vincent,et al.  Cognitive impairment is associated with medication nonadherence in asymptomatic carotid stenosis. , 2014, The American journal of medicine.

[113]  M Williams,et al.  Angiographic and Duplex Grading of Internal Carotid Stenosis: Can We Overcome the Confusion? , 1996, Journal of endovascular surgery : the official journal of the International Society for Endovascular Surgery.

[114]  A R Naylor,et al.  Joint recommendations for reporting carotid ultrasound investigations in the United Kingdom. , 2009, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[115]  Saphenous vein bypass: an alternative to internal carotid reconstruction. , 1996, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[116]  M. Bown,et al.  Procedural risk following carotid endarterectomy in the hyperacute period after onset of symptoms. , 2013, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[117]  L. Satler,et al.  Vasopressor Use in the Critical Care Unit for Treatment of Persistent Post-carotid Artery Stent Induced Hypotension , 2007, Neurocritical care.

[118]  A. Alexandrov,et al.  Carotid Artery Stenosis: Grayscale and Doppler Ultrasound Diagnosis—Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound Consensus Conference , 2003, Ultrasound quarterly.

[119]  L. Osterberg,et al.  Adherence to medication. , 2005, The New England journal of medicine.

[120]  W. Gray,et al.  Randomized Trial of Stent versus Surgery for Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis. , 2016, The New England journal of medicine.

[121]  Emmanuel Touzé,et al.  Systematic Review of the Perioperative Risks of Stroke or Death After Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting , 2009, Stroke.

[122]  P R Bell,et al.  Randomized study of carotid angioplasty and stenting versus carotid endarterectomy: a stopped trial. , 1998, Journal of vascular surgery.

[123]  Giacomo Frati,et al.  Short-term results of a randomized trial examining timing of carotid endarterectomy in patients with severe asymptomatic unilateral carotid stenosis undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. , 2011, Journal of vascular surgery.

[124]  Ravi Kumar,et al.  Restenosis after Carotid Interventions and Its Relationship with Recurrent Ipsilateral Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. , 2017, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[125]  L. Kappelle,et al.  Delay to carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic carotid artery stenosis. , 2014, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[126]  R. Archbold,et al.  Association between pre-operative statin use and major cardiovascular complications among patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery: the VISION study. , 2016, European heart journal.

[127]  N. Bornstein,et al.  Does Impaired Cerebrovascular Reactivity Predict Stroke Risk in Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis?: A Prospective Substudy of the Asymptomatic Carotid Emboli Study , 2011, Stroke.

[128]  R. J. Valentine,et al.  Trends and outcomes of concurrent carotid revascularization and coronary bypass. , 2008, Journal of vascular surgery.

[129]  L. Kuller,et al.  Blood Pressure Treatment Slows the Progression of Carotid Stenosis in Patients With Isolated Systolic Hypertension , 1994, Stroke.

[130]  L. Goldstein,et al.  Safety of Stenting and Endarterectomy by Symptomatic Status in the Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy Versus Stenting Trial (CREST) , 2011, Stroke.

[131]  A. Nicolaides,et al.  Predictors and clinical significance of progression or regression of asymptomatic carotid stenosis. , 2014, Journal of vascular surgery.

[132]  A. Fox,et al.  Importance of intracranial atherosclerotic disease in patients with symptomatic stenosis of the internal carotid artery. The North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trail. , 1999, Stroke.

[133]  F. Speziale,et al.  The need for emergency surgical treatment in carotid-related stroke in evolution and crescendo transient ischemic attack. , 2012, Journal of vascular surgery.

[134]  T. Jonszta,et al.  Randomized clinical trial comparing neurological outcomes after carotid endarterectomy or stenting , 2015, The British journal of surgery.

[135]  K. Beach,et al.  Restenosis After Carotid Artery Stenting and Endarterectomy: A Secondary Analysis of CREST: A Randomised Controlled Trial , 2013 .

[136]  B. Hedblad,et al.  Prediction of Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis in the General Population: Identification of High-Risk Groups , 2014, Stroke.

[137]  P A Gaines,et al.  Who benefits most from intervention for asymptomatic carotid stenosis: patients or professionals? , 2009, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[138]  C. McCollum,et al.  Asymptomatic spontaneous cerebral emboli and cognitive decline in a cohort of older people: a prospective study , 2007, International journal of geriatric psychiatry.

[139]  G. Moneta.  Carotid artery stenting compared with endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis (International Carotid Stenting Study): an interim analysis of a randomised controlled trial , 2010 .

[140]  C. Grines,et al.  Impact of symptoms, gender, co-morbidities, and operator volume on outcome of carotid artery stenting (from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample [2006 to 2010]). , 2014, The American journal of cardiology.

[141]  G. Mashour,et al.  Incidence, Predictors, and Outcomes of Perioperative Stroke in Noncarotid Major Vascular Surgery , 2013, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[142]  S. Macdonald,et al.  Carotid artery stenting: an update. , 2015, European heart journal.

[143]  C. Liapis,et al.  Carotid Artery Stenting–Induced Hemodynamic Instability , 2013, Journal of endovascular therapy : an official journal of the International Society of Endovascular Specialists.

[144]  A. Nicolaides,et al.  Asymptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis and cerebrovascular risk stratification. , 2010, Journal of vascular surgery.

[145]  P. Davis,et al.  A prospective comparison of duplex sonography vs angiography of the vertebral arteries. , 1986, AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology.

[146]  O. Joakimsen,et al.  Reduced neuropsychological test performance in asymptomatic carotid stenosis , 2004, Neurology.

[147]  P. Nederkoorn,et al.  Ischemic Brain Lesions After Carotid Artery Stenting Increase Future Cerebrovascular Risk , 2015, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[148]  D. Radak,et al.  Urgent carotid endarterectomy in patients with acute neurological ischemic events within six hours after symptoms onset , 2014, Vascular.

[149]  M. Björck,et al.  Safety of Carotid Endarterectomy After Intravenous Thrombolysis for Acute Ischaemic Stroke: A Case-Controlled Multicentre Registry Study , 2014 .

[150]  Y. Wang,et al.  Clopidogrel with Aspirin in Acute Minor Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack , 2013 .

[151]  J. Bogousslavsky,et al.  The Lausanne Stroke Registry: analysis of 1,000 consecutive patients with first stroke. , 1988, Stroke.

[152]  W. Gray,et al.  Influence of site and operator characteristics on carotid artery stent outcomes: analysis of the CAPTURE 2 (Carotid ACCULINK/ACCUNET Post Approval Trial to Uncover Rare Events) clinical study. , 2011, JACC. Cardiovascular interventions.

[153]  A. AbuRahma,et al.  The effect of surgeon's specialty and volume on the perioperative outcome of carotid endarterectomy. , 2012, Journal of vascular surgery.

[154]  L. Chiche,et al.  Open repair of vertebral artery: a 7-year single-center report. , 2012, Annals of vascular surgery.

[155]  P. Bath,et al.  Interventions for deliberately altering blood pressure in acute stroke. , 2014, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[156]  P. Allan,et al.  Fate of the non‐operated carotid artery after contralateral endarterectomy , 1995, The British journal of surgery.

[157]  P. Rothwell,et al.  A systematic review and meta-analysis of 30-day outcomes following staged carotid artery stenting and coronary bypass. , 2009, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[158]  C. Lazaridis,et al.  Comparison of cognitive function after carotid artery stenting versus carotid endarterectomy. , 2014, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[159]  Benlei Li,et al.  Endovascular vs. medical therapy in symptomatic vertebral artery stenosis: a meta-analysis , 2017, Journal of Neurology.

[160]  G. Dangas,et al.  Stroke After Coronary Artery Bypass: Incidence, Predictors, and Clinical Outcome , 2001, Stroke.

[161]  Lorenzo Falsetti,et al.  Cerebral hemodynamics and cognitive performance in bilateral asymptomatic carotid stenosis , 2012, Neurology.

[162]  P. Rothwell,et al.  Systematic review of randomized controlled trials of patch angioplasty versus primary closure and different types of patch materials during carotid endarterectomy. , 2011, Asian journal of surgery.

[163]  M. Björck,et al.  Carotid artery atherosclerosis among 65-year-old Swedish men - a population-based screening study. , 2014, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[164]  S. Laurent,et al.  Local pulse pressure and regression of arterial wall hypertrophy during long-term antihypertensive treatment. , 2000, Circulation.

[165]  P. Rothwell,et al.  Posterior circulation ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack: diagnosis, investigation, and secondary prevention , 2013, The Lancet Neurology.

[166]  T. Schroeder,et al.  Clinical and imaging features associated with an increased risk of early and late stroke in patients with symptomatic carotid disease. , 2015, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[167]  A. Naylor,et al.  Time to rethink management strategies in asymptomatic carotid artery disease , 2012, Nature Reviews Cardiology.

[168]  P. Tsai,et al.  Differential impacts of modes of anaesthesia on the risk of stroke among preeclamptic women who undergo Caesarean delivery: a population-based study. , 2010, British journal of anaesthesia.

[169]  Gelin Xu,et al.  Influence of Vessel Size and Tortuosity on In-stent Restenosis After Stent Implantation in the Vertebral Artery Ostium , 2011, CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology.

[170]  C. Liapis,et al.  Eversion versus conventional carotid endarterectomy: a meta-analysis of randomised and non-randomised studies. , 2011, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[171]  A. Rai,et al.  Endovascular treatment of extracranial atherosclerotic disease involving the vertebral artery origins: a comparison of drug-eluting and bare-metal stents , 2011, Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery.

[172]  R. Favaloro,et al.  Hybrid strategy for unstable patients with severe carotid and cardiac disease requiring surgery. , 2015, Cardiology journal.

[173]  J. Slattery,et al.  Equivalence of Measurements of Carotid Stenosis: A Comparison of Three Methods on 1001 Angiograms , 1994, Stroke.

[174]  C. Bakoyiannis,et al.  A short incision for carotid endarterectomy results in decreased morbidity. , 2007, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[175]  Hong Wang,et al.  Predictors of Neurological Events Associated With Carotid Artery Stenting in High-Surgical-Risk Patients: Insights From the Cordis Carotid Stent Collaborative , 2010, Circulation. Cardiovascular interventions.

[176]  M. Goertler,et al.  Cessation of embolic signals after antithrombotic prevention is related to reduced risk of recurrent arterioembolic transient ischaemic attack and stroke , 2002, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[177]  A. Naylor,et al.  Early and late outcome after carotid artery bypass grafting with saphenous vein. , 2003, Journal of vascular surgery.

[178]  F. Setacci,et al.  Siena Carotid Artery Stenting Score: A Risk Modelling Study for Individual Patients , 2010, Stroke.

[179]  L. Jiao,et al.  Preliminary report of trial of endarterectomy versus stenting for the treatment of carotid atherosclerotic stenosis in China(TESCAS-C) , 2006 .

[180]  S. Friedman,et al.  Eversion technique increases the risk for post-carotid endarterectomy hypertension. , 2001, Journal of vascular surgery.

[181]  Jasjit S. Suri,et al.  Plaque Echolucency and Stroke Risk in Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis , 2015, Stroke.

[182]  G. Fraedrich,et al.  Very urgent carotid endarterectomy does not increase the procedural risk. , 2015, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[183]  Gary Friday,et al.  2011 ASA/ACCF/AHA/AANN/AANS/ACR/ASNR/CNS/SAIP/SCAI/SIR/SNIS/SVM/SVS guideline on the management of patients with extracranial carotid and vertebral artery disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American , 2011, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[184]  J. Gillard,et al.  Carotid sinus nerve blockade to reduce blood pressure instability following carotid endarterectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. , 2007, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[185]  Jeanette. Mitchell.  Doppler insonation of vertebral artery blood flow changes associated with cervical spine rotation: Implications for manual therapists , 2005, Physiotherapy theory and practice.

[186]  T. Kresowik,et al.  Can randomized trial outcomes for carotid endarterectomy be achieved in community-wide practice? , 2004, Seminars in vascular surgery.

[187]  R. Sacco,et al.  Duration of Diabetes and Risk of Ischemic Stroke: The Northern Manhattan Study , 2012, Stroke.

[188]  V. Howard,et al.  Long-Term Results of Stenting versus Endarterectomy for Carotid-Artery Stenosis , 2016 .

[189]  A. Naylor,et al.  An aid to accessing the distal internal carotid artery. , 2009, Journal of vascular surgery.

[190]  W. Moore,et al.  Post-carotid endarterectomy hypertension: association with elevated cranial norepinephrine. , 1989, Journal of vascular surgery.

[191]  Anders N. Hoffmanna,et al.  Carotid artery stenting versus carotid endarterectomy – a prospective randomised controlled single-centre trial with long-term follow-up (BACASS) , 2008 .

[192]  C. Brayne,et al.  The Blackfriars Consensus on brain health and dementia , 2014, The Lancet.

[193]  M. Jenkins,et al.  The value of suction wound drain after carotid and femoral artery surgery: a randomised trial using duplex assessment of the volume of post-operative haematoma. , 2005, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[194]  Cognitive impairment and decline are associated with carotid artery disease in patients without clinically evident cerebrovascular disease , 2004 .

[195]  C. Molina,et al.  Patterns and Predictors of Early Risk of Recurrence After Transient Ischemic Attack With Respect to Etiologic Subtypes , 2007, Stroke.

[196]  C. Ward,et al.  Carotid artery stenting versus carotid endarterectomy , 2016, Postgraduate Medical Journal.

[197]  F. Setacci,et al.  Carotid artery stenting in recently symptomatic patients: a single center experience. , 2010, Annals of vascular surgery.

[198]  J. Kalbfleisch,et al.  Factors Associated with Perioperative Complications during Carotid Endarterectomy , 1982, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[199]  A. Angelini,et al.  Surgical vs medical treatment for isolated internal carotid artery elongation with coiling or kinking in symptomatic patients: a prospective randomized clinical study. , 2005, Journal of vascular surgery.

[200]  R. Green,et al.  The CAPTURE registry: Predictors of outcomes in carotid artery stenting with embolic protection for high surgical risk patients in the early post‐approval setting , 2007, Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions.

[201]  E. Mascha,et al.  Lack of Association between Carotid Artery Stenosis and Stroke or Myocardial Injury after Noncardiac Surgery in High-risk Patients , 2014, Anesthesiology.

[202]  L. Stefanczyk,et al.  Doppler ultrasound criteria of physiological flow in asymmetrical vertebral arteries. , 2007, Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research.

[203]  J M Bland,et al.  Endovascular versus surgical treatment in patients with carotid stenosis in the Carotid and Vertebral Artery Transluminal Angioplasty Study (CAVATAS): a randomised trial , 2001, The Lancet.

[204]  P. Rothwell,et al.  Systematic Review of the Operative Risks of Carotid Endarterectomy for Recently Symptomatic Stenosis in Relation to the Timing of Surgery , 2009, Stroke.

[205]  L. Joyce,et al.  Meta-analysis of staged versus combined carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass grafting. , 2014, The Annals of thoracic surgery.

[206]  J. Mohr,et al.  Stroke After Carotid Stenting and Endarterectomy in the Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy Versus Stenting Trial (CREST) , 2012, Circulation.

[207]  R. Berguer,et al.  Surgical reconstruction of the extracranial vertebral artery: management and outcome. , 2000, Journal of vascular surgery.

[208]  K. Toutouzas,et al.  Cardiac damage after carotid intervention: a meta-analysis after a decade of randomized trials , 2014, Journal of Anesthesia.

[209]  K. Filion,et al.  Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials Comparing the Long-Term Outcomes of Carotid Artery Stenting Versus Endarterectomy , 2015, Circulation. Cardiovascular quality and outcomes.

[210]  G. Hamilton,et al.  The retrojugular approach to carotid endarterectomy--a safer technique? , 2005, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[211]  A. Naylor.  Thrombolysis and expedited carotid revascularization. , 2015, The Journal of cardiovascular surgery.

[212]  F. Nicoli,et al.  Early carotid endarterectomy after intravenous thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke. , 2009, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[213]  T. Jovin,et al.  Hemodynamic instability after carotid artery angioplasty and stent placement: a review of the literature. , 2005, Neurosurgical focus.

[214]  S. Macdonald,et al.  Predictors of Stroke, Myocardial Infarction or Death within 30 Days of Carotid Artery Stenting: Results from the International Carotid Stenting Study , 2016, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[215]  G. Beevers,et al.  Meta-analysis of relation between cigarette smoking and stroke. , 1989, BMJ.

[216]  D. Böckler,et al.  Systematic review and meta‐analysis of postcarotid endarterectomy hypertension after eversion versus conventional carotid endarterectomy , 2017, Journal of vascular surgery.

[217]  N. Kocer,et al.  Endovascular treatment of extracranial vertebral artery stenosis. , 2012, World journal of radiology.

[218]  Deepak L. Bhatt,et al.  Clopidogrel with or without omeprazole in coronary artery disease. , 2010, The New England journal of medicine.

[219]  M. Shishehbor,et al.  Management of carotid disease in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery: is it time to change our approach? , 2011, Current opinion in cardiology.

[220]  V. Mok,et al.  Low-molecular-weight heparin and early neurologic deterioration in acute stroke caused by large artery occlusive disease. , 2012, Archives of neurology.

[221]  G. Roubin,et al.  Carotid artery stenting in patients with high neurologic risks. , 1999, The American journal of cardiology.

[222]  M. Bown,et al.  Rapid access carotid endarterectomy can be performed in the hyperacute period without a significant increase in procedural risks. , 2011, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[223]  Peter K Henke,et al.  Risk for stroke after elective noncarotid vascular surgery. , 2004, Journal of vascular surgery.

[224]  Seemant Chaturvedi,et al.  Guidelines for the Primary Prevention of Stroke: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association , 2011, Stroke.

[225]  B. Habozit.  Vertebral artery reconstruction: Results in 106 patients , 1991, Annals of vascular surgery.

[226]  G. Antoniou,et al.  Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting in patients with proximal vertebral artery stenosis. , 2012, Journal of vascular surgery.

[227]  J. Birkmeyer,et al.  Operator experience and carotid stenting outcomes in Medicare beneficiaries. , 2011, JAMA.

[228]  M. Storck,et al.  Patient characteristics and outcomes of carotid endarterectomy and carotid artery stenting: analysis of the German mandatory national quality assurance registry - 2003 to 2014. , 2015, The Journal of cardiovascular surgery.

[229]  P. Rothwell,et al.  A systematic review of outcome following synchronous carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass: influence of surgical and patient variables. , 2003, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[230]  T. Luebke,et al.  Development of a Microsimulation Model to Predict Stroke and Long-Term Mortality in Adherent and Nonadherent Medically Managed and Surgically Treated Octogenarians with Asymptomatic Significant Carotid Artery Stenosis. , 2016, World neurosurgery.

[231]  A. Algra,et al.  Prevalence and Prognosis of Asymptomatic Vertebral Artery Origin Stenosis in Patients With Clinically Manifest Arterial Disease , 2011, Stroke.

[232]  John A. Heit,et al.  Regional Anesthesia in the Patient Receiving Antithrombotic or Thrombolytic Therapy: American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Evidence-Based Guidelines (Third Edition) , 2009, Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine.

[233]  L. Goldstein,et al.  Health-related quality of life after carotid stenting versus carotid endarterectomy: results from CREST (Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy Versus Stenting Trial). , 2011, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[234]  W. Hacke,et al.  SPACE-2: A Missed Opportunity to Compare Carotid Endarterectomy, Carotid Stenting, and Best Medical Treatment in Patients with Asymptomatic Carotid Stenoses. , 2016, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[235]  Ming Liu,et al.  Association between asymptomatic carotid stenosis and cognitive function: A systematic review , 2013, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.

[236]  H. Markus,et al.  The Effect of Medical Treatments on Stroke Risk in Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis , 2013, Stroke.

[237]  A. Rabinstein.  Aspirin and Extended-Release Dipyridamole versus Clopidogrel for Recurrent Stroke , 2009 .

[238]  A. Nicolaides,et al.  The size of juxtaluminal hypoechoic area in ultrasound images of asymptomatic carotid plaques predicts the occurrence of stroke. , 2013, Journal of Vascular Surgery.

[239]  B. L. Smith,et al.  Hypertension following carotid endarterectomy: the role of cerebral renin production. , 1984, Journal of vascular surgery.

[240]  S. Singh,et al.  Bilateral one-stage carotid endarterectomy--Is there an indication? , 2001, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[241]  Matthew J. Thompson,et al.  Meta-analysis and systematic review of the relationship between hospital volume and outcome following carotid endarterectomy. , 2007, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[242]  P. Wludyka,et al.  A Systematic Review of Outcomes in Patients With Staged Carotid Artery Stenting and Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery , 2008, Stroke.

[243]  G. Moneta.  Alert for increased long-term follow-up after carotid artery stenting: Results of a prospective, randomized, single-center trial of carotid artery stenting vs carotid endarterectomy , 2009 .

[244]  P. Hayes,et al.  Antiplatelet agents and risk factors for bleeding postcarotid endarterectomy. , 2010, Annals of vascular surgery.

[245]  Pro-CAS: A Prospective Registry of Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting , 2004, Stroke.

[246]  P. Gailloud,et al.  Immediate postoperative thrombolytic therapy: an aggressive strategy for neurologic salvage when cerebral thromboembolism complicates carotid endarterectomy. , 2000, Journal of vascular surgery.

[247]  F. Selzer,et al.  Determining In-Stent Stenosis of Carotid Arteries by Duplex Ultrasound Criteria , 2005, Journal of endovascular therapy : an official journal of the International Society of Endovascular Specialists.

[248]  P. Serruys,et al.  Single or dual antiplatelet therapy after PCI , 2017, Nature Reviews Cardiology.

[249]  D. Mitton,et al.  Prevention of postoperative wound haematomas and hyperperfusion following carotid endarterectomy. , 2001, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[250]  P. Rothwell.  Stroke research in 2016: when more medicine is better, and when it isn't , 2017, The Lancet Neurology.

[251]  A. Rabinstein.  Patients With Prior Myocardial Infarction, Stroke, or Symptomatic Peripheral Arterial Disease in the CHARISMA Trial , 2008 .

[252]  A. Owen-Falkenberg,et al.  Risk of early recurrent stroke in symptomatic carotid stenosis after best medical therapy and before endarterectomy , 2016, International journal of stroke : official journal of the International Stroke Society.

[253]  T. Hölzenbein,et al.  Protected carotid-artery stenting versus endarterectomy in high-risk patients , 2005, European Surgery.

[254]  Christopher K. Zarins,et al.  Duplex Ultrasound Criteria for Defining the Severity of Carotid Stenosis , 2002, Annals of vascular surgery.

[255]  R. Berguer,et al.  Contemporary outcomes after distal vertebral reconstruction. , 2012, Journal of vascular surgery.

[256]  L. Davidovic,et al.  Carotid replacement with Dacron graft in 292 patients , 2016, Vascular.

[257]  P. Wester,et al.  Risk of Recurrent Stroke before Carotid Endarterectomy: The ANSYSCAP Study , 2013, International journal of stroke : official journal of the International Stroke Society.

[258]  A. Moskowitz,et al.  A Model for Predicting the Risk of Carotid Artery Disease , 2013, Annals of surgery.

[259]  E. Feldmann,et al.  Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis Treated with Medical Therapy Alone: Temporal Trends and Implications for Risk Assessment and the Design of Future Studies , 2014, Cerebrovascular Diseases.

[260]  V. Hachinski,et al.  The North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial : surgical results in 1415 patients. , 1999, Stroke.

[261]  J. Ricco,et al.  Prosthetic carotid bypass grafts for atherosclerotic lesions: a prospective study of 198 consecutive cases. , 2009, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[262]  G. Sfyroeras,et al.  Cranial Nerve Injury After Carotid Endarterectomy: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Time Trends , 2017 .

[263]  M. Bown,et al.  Stroke after cardiac surgery and its association with asymptomatic carotid disease: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. , 2011, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[264]  K. Muir,et al.  Early carotid endarterectomy following thrombolysis in the hyperacute treatment of stroke , 2011, The British journal of surgery.

[265]  A. Nicolaides,et al.  Screening for Asymptomatic Carotid Plaques with Ultrasound. , 2016, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[266]  W. Hacke,et al.  Results of the Stent-Protected Angioplasty versus Carotid Endarterectomy (SPACE) study to treat symptomatic stenoses at 2 years: a multinational, prospective, randomised trial , 2008, The Lancet Neurology.

[267]  E. Vonken,et al.  Technical and Clinical Success and Long-Term Durability of Endovascular Treatment for Atherosclerotic Aortic Arch Branch Origin Obstruction: Evaluation of 144 Procedures. , 2015, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[268]  G. Lippi,et al.  Statins for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. , 2017, Trends in pharmacological sciences.

[269]  P. Rothwell,et al.  Population-based study of delays in carotid imaging and surgery and the risk of recurrent stroke , 2005, Neurology.

[270]  R. Sayers,et al.  The value of urgent carotid surgery for crescendo transient ischemic attacks. , 2007, Journal of vascular surgery.

[271]  C. Naylor,et al.  Coronary bypass and carotid endarterectomy: does a combined approach increase risk? A metaanalysis. , 1999, The Annals of thoracic surgery.

[272]  G. Moneta.  Duplex ultrasound velocity criteria for the stented carotid artery , 2009 .

[273]  K. Kayataş,et al.  Impact of perioperative acute ischemic stroke on the outcomes of noncardiac and nonvascular surgery: a single centre prospective study. , 2014, Canadian journal of surgery. Journal canadien de chirurgie.

[274]  P. Rothwell,et al.  Angiographically defined collateral circulation and risk of stroke in patients with severe carotid artery stenosis. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET) Group. , 2000, Stroke.

[275]  A. Nordanstig,et al.  Risk of Recurrent Stroke in Patients with Symptomatic Mild (20-49% NASCET) Carotid Artery Stenosis. , 2016, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[276]  P. Rothwell,et al.  Type 2 diabetes is not associated with an altered plaque phenotype among patients undergoing carotid revascularization. A histological analysis of 1455 carotid plaques. , 2014, Atherosclerosis.

[277]  J. Wen,et al.  Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials of Different Types of Patch Materials during Carotid Endarterectomy , 2013, PloS one.

[278]  M. Luby,et al.  Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography in emergency assessment of patients with suspected acute stroke: a prospective comparison , 2007, The Lancet.

[279]  R. Morawetz,et al.  Blood velocity in the middle cerebral artery and regional cerebral blood flow during carotid endarterectomy. , 1989, Stroke.

[280]  J. Jenkins,et al.  Endovascular Treatment of Vertebral Artery Stenosis. , 2017, Progress in cardiovascular diseases.

[281]  A. Giordano,et al.  Short longitudinal versus transverse skin incision for carotid endarterectomy: impact on cranial and cervical nerve injuries and esthetic outcome. , 2011, The Journal of cardiovascular surgery.

[282]  H. Jäger,et al.  New ischaemic brain lesions on MRI after stenting or endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis: a substudy of the International Carotid Stenting Study (ICSS) , 2010, Lancet Neurology.

[283]  A. Wanhainen,et al.  Peri-procedural Risk with Urgent Carotid Artery Stenting: A Population based Swedvasc Study. , 2015, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[284]  S. Macdonald,et al.  Carotid Artery Stenting: Relationship between Experience and Complication Rate , 2010, International journal of stroke : official journal of the International Stroke Society.

[285]  R. McClure,et al.  Carotid angioplasty and stenting versus carotid endarterectomy: randomized trial in a community hospital. , 2001, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[286]  A. Naylor,et al.  Delay prior to expedited carotid endarterectomy: a prospective audit of practice. , 2013, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[287]  J. Cronenwett,et al.  Clopidogrel is not associated with major bleeding complications during peripheral arterial surgery. , 2010, Journal of vascular surgery.

[288]  T. Schuster,et al.  Bare Metal vs. Drug-Eluting Stents for Extracranial Vertebral Artery Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Nonrandomized Comparative Studies , 2014, Journal of endovascular therapy : an official journal of the International Society of Endovascular Specialists.

[289]  K. Rerkasem,et al.  Routine or selective carotid artery shunting for carotid endarterectomy (and different methods of monitoring in selective shunting). , 2014, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[290]  Kenneth J Gaines,et al.  A stroke/vascular neurology service increases the volume of urgent carotid endarterectomies performed in a tertiary referral center. , 2014, Annals of vascular surgery.

[291]  I. Pipinos,et al.  Cerebral Protection Devices Reduce Periprocedural Strokes during Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting: A Systematic Review of the Current Literature , 2009, Journal of endovascular therapy : an official journal of the International Society of Endovascular Specialists.

[292]  T. Brott,et al.  Carotid angiographic characteristics in the CREST trial were major contributors to periprocedural stroke and death differences between carotid artery stenting and carotid endarterectomy. , 2016, Journal of vascular surgery.

[293]  C. McCollum,et al.  Carotid endarterectomy improves cognitive function in patients with exhausted cerebrovascular reserve. , 2003, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[294]  R. Berguer,et al.  A review of 100 consecutive reconstructions of the distal vertebral artery for embolic and hemodynamic disease. , 1998, Journal of vascular surgery.

[295]  P. Cao,et al.  Eversion vs conventional carotid endarterectomy: a systematic review. , 2002, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[296]  Deepak L. Bhatt,et al.  Meta-analysis of randomized and registry comparisons of ticlopidine with clopidogrel after stenting. , 2002, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[297]  M. Bots,et al.  Stenting Versus Surgery in Patients With Carotid Stenosis After Previous Cervical Radiation Therapy: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis , 2012, Stroke.

[298]  B. Neal.  The Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration , 2001 .

[299]  H. Redmond,et al.  Provider volume and outcomes for abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, carotid endarterectomy, and lower extremity revascularization procedures. , 2007, Journal of vascular surgery.

[300]  Chi Zhang,et al.  Efficacy of Intensive Control of Glucose in Stroke Prevention: A Meta-Analysis of Data from 59197 Participants in 9 Randomized Controlled Trials , 2013, PloS one.

[301]  B. Knight,et al.  Dacron patch infection following carotid endarterectomy: a systematic review of the literature. , 2009, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[302]  A. Naylor,et al.  Stroke/Death Rates Following Carotid Artery Stenting and Carotid Endarterectomy in Contemporary Administrative Dataset Registries: A Systematic Review. , 2016, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[303]  R. McClure,et al.  Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting versus Carotid Endarterectomy for Treatment of Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis: A Randomized Trial in a Community Hospital , 2004, Neurosurgery.

[304]  A. AbuRahma,et al.  From the Southern Association for Vascular Surgery Proposed duplex velocity criteria for carotid restenosis following carotid endarterectomy with patch closure , 2022 .

[305]  Jeroen J. Bax,et al.  Safety of perioperative statin use in high-risk patients undergoing major vascular surgery. , 2005, The American journal of cardiology.

[306]  M. Brown,et al.  Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting for vertebral artery stenosis. , 2005, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[307]  P. Gorelick,et al.  Comparative Effectiveness of Prestroke Aspirin on Stroke Severity and Outcome , 2016, Annals of neurology.

[308]  C. Tsigris,et al.  Common carotid artery occlusion treatment: revealing a gap in the current guidelines. , 2013, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[309]  J. Archie,et al.  Saphenous vein rupture pressure, rupture stress, and carotid endarterectomy vein patch reconstruction. , 1990, Surgery.

[310]  W. Hacke,et al.  Statins reduce peri-procedural complications in carotid stenting. , 2014, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[311]  G. Fraedrich,et al.  The risk of carotid artery stenting compared with carotid endarterectomy is greatest in patients treated within 7 days of symptoms. , 2012, Journal of vascular surgery.

[312]  P. Gaines,et al.  The benefits of combined anti-platelet treatment in carotid artery stenting. , 2005, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[313]  Mark D. Johnson,et al.  Detailed Analysis of Periprocedural Strokes in Patients Undergoing Intracranial Stenting in Stenting and Aggressive Medical Management for Preventing Recurrent Stroke in Intracranial Stenosis (SAMMPRIS) , 2012, Stroke.

[314]  A. Algra,et al.  Association between age and risk of stroke or death from carotid endarterectomy and carotid stenting: a meta-analysis of pooled patient data from four randomised trials , 2016, The Lancet.

[315]  M. Suarez‐Almazor,et al.  Hemodynamic instability after carotid endarterectomy: risk factors and associations with operative complications. , 1997, Neurosurgery.

[316]  H. Markus,et al.  Imaging of vertebral artery stenosis: a systematic review , 2007, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry.

[317]  M. Fornage,et al.  Guidelines for the Primary Prevention of Stroke: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association , 2011, Stroke.

[318]  Strokes After Cardiac Surgery and Relationship to Carotid Stenosis , 2010 .

[319]  T. Jacob,et al.  Mini skin incision for carotid endarterectomy (CEA): a new and safe alternative to the standard approach. , 2005, Journal of vascular surgery.

[320]  I. Wright,et al.  Ultrasound of the extracranial vertebral artery. , 2004, The British journal of radiology.

[321]  J. Ricco,et al.  Part one: for the motion. Completion angiography should be used routinely following carotid endarterectomy. , 2013, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[322]  Joseph S. Alpert,et al.  Perioperative Myocardial Infarction , 2009, Circulation.

[323]  R. Panerai,et al.  Deterioration in carotid baroreflex during carotid endarterectomy. , 2002, Journal of vascular surgery.

[324]  K. Snyder,et al.  Endovascular treatment of carotid stenosis. , 2014, Neurosurgery clinics of North America.

[325]  P. Rothwell,et al.  Carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis: asymptomatic carotid surgery trial. , 2004, Stroke.

[326]  E. Amsterdam,et al.  Adherence to guideline-recommended therapies among patients with diverse manifestations of vascular disease , 2015, Vascular health and risk management.

[327]  Ethan A Halm,et al.  Intraoperative imaging: does it really improve perioperative outcomes of carotid endarterectomy? , 2007, Seminars in vascular surgery.

[328]  L. Svensson,et al.  Screening carotid ultrasonography and risk factors for stroke in coronary artery surgery patients. , 1996, The Annals of thoracic surgery.

[329]  M. Erić,et al.  Determining the difference in medication compliance between the general patient population and patients receiving antihypertensive therapy: A case study , 2011, Archives of pharmacal research.

[330]  T. Kodama,et al.  Stent fracture in revascularization for symptomatic ostial vertebral artery stenosis , 2007, Neuroradiology.

[331]  D. Sackett,et al.  Benefit of carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic moderate or severe stenosis. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. , 1998, The New England journal of medicine.

[332]  Hui-Meng Chang,et al.  Frequency of Microemboli Signal in Stroke Patients Treated with Low Molecular Weight Heparin or Aspirin , 2010, Journal of neuroimaging : official journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging.

[333]  O. Pedersen,et al.  Effect of a multifactorial intervention on mortality in type 2 diabetes. , 2008, The New England journal of medicine.

[334]  Shuang Wang,et al.  Perioperative Acute Ischemic Stroke in Noncardiac and Nonvascular Surgery: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Outcomes , 2009, Anesthesiology.

[335]  T. Huber.  10-year stroke prevention after successful carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic stenosis (ACST-1): a multicentre randomised trial , 2011 .

[336]  C. Baracchini,et al.  Prospective Randomized Study on Asymptomatic Severe Carotid Stenosis and Perioperative Stroke Risk in Patients Undergoing Major Vascular Surgery: Prophylactic or Deferred Carotid Endarterectomy? , 2005, Annals of vascular surgery.

[337]  M. Bots,et al.  Stenting versus endarterectomy for restenosis following prior ipsilateral carotid endarterectomy: an individual patient data meta-analysis. , 2015, Annals of surgery.

[338]  J. C. van den Berg.  Neuro-rescue during carotid stenting. , 2008, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[339]  D. Cutlip,et al.  Myocardial Infarction After Carotid Stenting and Endarterectomy: Results From the Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy Versus Stenting Trial , 2012 .

[340]  W S Moore,et al.  Surgical results: a justification of the surgeon selection process for the ACAS trial. The ACAS Investigators. , 1996, Journal of vascular surgery.

[341]  M. Fiorella,et al.  Dexamethasone minimizes the risk of cranial nerve injury during CEA. , 2009, Journal of vascular surgery.

[342]  P. Faries,et al.  Improved hemodynamic outcomes with glycopyrrolate over atropine in carotid angioplasty and stenting. , 2010, Perspectives in vascular surgery and endovascular therapy.

[343]  F. Moll,et al.  Stroke from carotid endarterectomy: when and how to reduce perioperative stroke rate? , 2001, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[344]  G. Donnan,et al.  Magnetic resonance imaging in posterior circulation infarction: impact on diagnosis and management. , 1989, Australian and New Zealand journal of medicine.

[345]  P Michael Ho,et al.  Medication Adherence: Its Importance in Cardiovascular Outcomes , 2009, Circulation.

[346]  R. Lonergan,et al.  Continuation and adherence rates on initially-prescribed intensive secondary prevention therapy after Rapid Access Stroke Prevention (RASP) service assessment , 2016, Journal of the Neurological Sciences.

[347]  Deepak L. Bhatt,et al.  Optimal Duration of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. , 2017, Interventional cardiology clinics.

[348]  Li-sheng Liu,et al.  Efficacy of folic acid therapy in primary prevention of stroke among adults with hypertension in China: the CSPPT randomized clinical trial. , 2015, JAMA.

[349]  B. Biccard,et al.  A peri‐operative statin update for non‐cardiac surgery. Part II: Statin therapy for vascular surgery and peri‐operative statin trial design , 2008, Anaesthesia.

[350]  J. Chen,et al.  Endovascular Treatment with Stent-Retriever Devices for Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials , 2016, PloS one.

[351]  C. Warlow,et al.  Local versus general anaesthesia for carotid endarterectomy. , 1996, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[352]  A. Davies,et al.  Testing for asymptomatic carotid disease in patients with arterial disease elsewhere , 2013 .

[353]  W S Moore,et al.  Efficacy of carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis. The Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group. , 1993, The New England journal of medicine.

[354]  A. Demchuk,et al.  Reduction in Early Stroke Risk in Carotid Stenosis With Transient Ischemic Attack Associated With Statin Treatment , 2013, Stroke.

[355]  S. Lai,et al.  Mortality from combined carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass surgery in the US , 2007, Neurology.

[356]  M. Alberts,et al.  Results of a Multicenter Prospective Randomized Trial of Carotid Artery Stenting vs. Carotid Endarterectomy , 2001, Stroke.

[357]  Ultrasound based measurement of 'carotid stenosis >70%': an audit of UK practice. , 2006, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[358]  Ja Wilson,et al.  Principles and practice of screening for disease , 1968 .

[359]  B. Williams,et al.  Post-carotid Endarterectomy Hypertension. Part 2: Association with Peri-operative Clinical, Anaesthetic, and Transcranial Doppler Derived Parameters. , 2017, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[360]  S. Blackburn,et al.  Intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator therapy is an independent risk factor for symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage after carotid endarterectomy. , 2014, Neurosurgery.

[361]  D. Leys,et al.  Carotid Stenting: Is There an Operator Effect? A Pooled Analysis From the Carotid Stenting Trialists’ Collaboration , 2014, Stroke.

[362]  A. Parry,et al.  Should heparin be reversed after carotid endarterectomy? A randomised prospective trial. , 1997, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[363]  Chun-yang Liang,et al.  Effects of carotid endarterectomy and carotid artery stenting on high-risk carotid stenosis patients , 2013, Pakistan journal of medical sciences.

[364]  S. Normand,et al.  Hospital variation in carotid stenting outcomes. , 2015, JACC. Cardiovascular interventions.

[365]  A Clinical Rule (Sex, Contralateral Occlusion, Age, and Restenosis) to Select Patients for Stenting Versus Carotid Endarterectomy: Systematic Review of Observational Studies With Validation in Randomized Trials , 2013, Stroke.

[366]  L. Ferrucci,et al.  Carotid Atherosclerosis and Prospective Risk of Dementia , 2012, Stroke.

[367]  S. Dey.  Stenting versus Aggressive Medical Therapy for Intracranial Arterial Stenosis , 2012 .

[368]  P. Stanzione,et al.  Safety of Early Carotid Artery Stenting after Systemic Thrombolysis: A Single Center Experience , 2011, Stroke research and treatment.