Cold Nuclear Fusion Reactions in Constantan Successful Experiments

Stellar nucleosynthesis is a widely acknowledged theory for the formation of all elements in our universe; traditionally we say the highest mass stars transmuted lighter elements into heavier elements lighter than iron. Here we propose that the formation of the 25 elements with smaller atomic numbers than iron resulted from an endothermic nuclear transformation of two nuclei confined in the natural compound lattice core of Earth's lower mantle at high temperatures and pressures. This process is accompanied by the generation of neutrinos and is influenced by excited electrons generated by sticksliding during supercontinent evolution, mantle convection triggered by major asteroid collisions, and nuclear fusion in the Earth's core. Therefore, our study suggests that the Earth itself has been able to create lighter elements by nuclear transmutation. Introduction Regarding Earth's formation, it is generally believed that the terrestrial planets have formed by accretion of solid materials that condensed from the solar nebula approximately 4.56 billion years ago [2]. Resultingly, whole-Earth geochemical models, which are primarily based on cosmochemical abundances, provide specific limits on the possible chemical composition of the Earth’s deep interior [3]. In disagreement with this theory, Fukuhara proposed a model for the formation of nitrogen, oxygen, and water using circumstantial evidence based on the history of the Earth’s atmosphere. This hypothesis suggests that heavier elements result from an endothermic nuclear transformation of carbon and oxygen nuclei confined in the aragonite CaCO3 lattice of Earth’s mantle or crust, which is enhanced by the attraction caused by high temperatures ≥ 2510 K and pressure ≥ 58 GPa in the Earth’s interior [4]: 212C + 216O + 4e* + 4 ν → 2N2↑+ O2↑+ H2O↑+ 2n -10.58 MeV (1) We considered the possibility of element production from lighter to heavier elements in minerals of the Earth's interior under high pressure and temperature in terms of endothermic nuclear transformable reactions. However, to the best of our knowledge, theories of element creation have not been previously developed in the context of an “Earth factory” as described herein. Methods The crystal structures of mineral compounds were drawn by using ATOMS 6.4 and CorelDRAW2020, using the structural data obtained from single-crystal X-ray diffraction measurements. To calculate the smallest endothermic formation energies, an algorithm was written to iterate through reactant elements for approximately 150,000 equations and calculate the final values, after which filtering was conducted based on element type and the final values were obtained. References [1] M. Fukuhara, A. Yoshino, N. Fujima, “Earth factories: Creation of the elements from nuclear transmutation in Earth’s lower mantle,” AIP Advances 11, 105113, 2021. [2] H. E. Newsom, K.W. Sims, “Core formation during early accretion of the Earth,” Science, 252, 926−933, 1991. [3] T. Lay, T. J Ahrens, P. Olson, J. Smyth, D. Loper, “Studies of the Earth’s deep interior: Goals and trends,” Phys. Today, 43, 44–52, 1990. [4] M. Fukuhara, “Did nuclear transformations inside Earth from nitrogen, oxygen, and water?,” J. Phys. Commun., 4, 095007, 2020. Increasing the output of the Lattice Energy Converter #Frank Gordon 1, Harper Whitehouse 2 1 INOVL, Inc, USA 2 INOVL, Inc, USA Email: feg@inovl.com Multiple Lattice Energy Conversion (LEC) devices and configurations have experimentally demonstrated the ability to self-initiate and self-sustain the production of a voltage and current through an external load impedance without the use of naturally radioactive materials. These results have been reported by the authors[1, 2, 3, 4] and replicated by independent researchers [5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. A video,[10] shows that a voltmeter and a resistance substitution box are all that is required to observe and measure LEC output which for this test produced a several hundred nanowatts of power per square centimetre of working electrode surface area. While the ability to self-initiate and self-sustain the production of a voltage and current through a load is a significant innovation, the output must be scaled up by 6 orders of magnitude to produce a few watts, and by 9 orders of magnitude to produce a few kilowatts. Based on a review of the literature and an analysis of experimental results, five focus areas have been identified to scale up the LEC output including: 1. Improved metallurgy to increase the production of ionizing radiation; 2. Increased gas density (initial pressure) to increase gas ionization. 3. Improved LEC cell configurations to increase gaseous ion harvesting efficiency; 4. Elevated temperatures leading to increase power output; 5. Increased electrode surface area. For each of the five focus areas, additional experiments and analysis are required to: 1. Identify the source and type of ionizing radiation emitted from the working electrode; 2. Identify the role that the counter electrode may play in ionizing the gas; 3. Identify gases and mixtures that optimize the production of ions; 4. Analyse the gas ion physics within the cell which is a 4th-order nonlinear differential equation. This paper examines each focus area and identifies possible actions to increase LEC power output. [1] F. Gordon, H. Whitehouse, “Lattice Energy Converter” presentation at Dr Srinivasan memorial workshop, 2021 available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J4dzTWY_aWM [2] F. Gordon, H. Whitehouse, “Lattice Energy Converter” presentation at ICCF 23, 2021, available at: http://ikkem.com/iccf23/PPT/Invited%20Gordon%20ICCF%2023%20LEC%20T5.MP4 [3] F. Gordon, H. Whitehouse, “Lattice Energy Converter” JCMNS Vol 35, pp30-43, 2022. [4] F. Gordon, H. Whitehouse, “Lattice Energy Converter II” JCMNS in press. [5] J. Stevenson, “Successful Replication of a LEC Device” available at: https://www.lenr-forum.com/attachment/17858-lec-replication-report-pdf/ [6] JP Biberian, “LEC replication presentation” IWAHLM 14 Conference” 2021 available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fUsKv1af1DQ&list=PLpEPF2v_du9RtHUeW8nHusCaoC68zOM uX&t=2129s [7] A Smith, “Anomalous Electrical Output from Room-Temperature Reactors” IWAHLM 14, 2021 https://www.lenr-forum.com/attachment/18631-assisi-iwahlm-2021-presentation-final-pdf/ [8] G.A. Erickson, Private Communication with Frank Gordon, Jan, 2021 [9] R Carat, “Understanding LENR Panel Q&A about the Lattice Energy Converter (LEC)” 2022, available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PId5DcMi9PM [10] F. Gordon, H. Whitehouse, “Lattice Energy Converter update” 2022, available at: https://youtu.be/yO-KIGKVHkI LENR Research Documentation: What Have We Learned So Far? #Thomas W. Grimshaw, Ph.D. 1 1 LENRGY, LLC, USA thomaswgrimshaw@gmail.com The LENR Research Documentation Initiative (LRDI) objectives are to document and archive LENR records while they are still available. A lot of progress has been made in meeting these objectives. Almost 30 participants are engaged, and about 25 project reports have been prepared[1]. The scope has now been extended to document and preserve important materials, such as newsletters and websites, that are of great importance to LENR but not necessarily involving someone still active in the field. Much has been learned about both the LRDI methods[2] and the availability and characteristics of LENR research records. The procedure developed in the pilot project with Ed Storms[3] has been refined and reconfigured as necessary for each participant and project. As may be expected, given the marginalized status of the field, the records vary widely in the type of research being done, the completeness of recording experimental results, the state of preservation, and the methods used originally for reporting. The Marriott Library of the University of Utah has a strong interest in LENR records and has been established for long-term archiving of LRDI participants. The files of one LRDI participant have been provided to the Special Collections at the Library. While a lot of progress has been made, a great deal remains to be done in capturing, documenting, and preserving the invaluable records of LENR investigations. Plans call for continuing the LRDI both for historical preservation and to keep the records available for potential re-analysis to help understand LENR and realize its potential benefits. [1] LENRGY LLC: Pursuing the Benefits of Cold Fusion Realization. http://lenrgyllc.com. [2] T. Grimshaw, “Documenting Cold Fusion Research: Preserving a Vital Asset for Humankind,” Infinite Energy, Issue 150 (March/April), 2020. [3] T. Grimshaw, and E. Storms, “Documentation of Dr. Ed Storms’ 29-Year LENR research career,” Poster for 21st International Conference on Cold Fusion (ICCF-21), Fort Collins, Colorado, 2018. LRDI Procedure The Role of Appropriate Calorimetric Methods for Scaling-up LENR Devices and the Irrelevance of Coefficient of Performance (COP) #Daniel E. Gruenberg 1, Tadahiko Mizuno 2 1 Mizuno Technology, Inc., Thailand 2 Hokkaido University, Japan Email: daniel@mizunotech.com We report on major advances in the development of practical and large scale LENR devices. Calorimetric methods have significant influence on results of replications and validations of Mizunotype LENR reactors. We have identified ways to dramatically improve the stability and reliability of LENR excess heat measurements based on well-established thermodynamic and calorimetric principles and have postulated possible mechanisms for the variability in previous experiments. By adapting these new calorimetric methods, we have identified key variables which are now allowing us to scale-up to practical LENR-based devices for industrial heating and combined heat and power units in the kW-class and MW-class scale. Theoretical power density is sufficient to allow for the possible replacement of dangerous radioactive fissile fuel rods with LENR-based fuel rods to dramatically improve the safety of exist