A model to describe the settling behavior of fractal aggregates.

A model to predict fractal dimension from sedimentating fractal aggregates has been successfully developed. This model was developed using the settling rate and size data of fractal aggregates. In order to test the validity of the model, a purpose-built settling rig, equipped with lens with magnification of 1200x, which can capture images of particles/flocs down to 2 microm in diameter was used. The performance and technique of the settling rig were validated by comparing the measured settling rates of 30- and 50.7-microm standard particles with their theoretical settling rates calculated using Stokes' law. The measured settling rates were within 10% agreement with the calculated Stokes' velocities. The settling rates and sizes of the particles/flocs were analyzed using image analysis software called WiT 5.3. The maximum temperature gradient across the settling column was 0.1 degrees C, which effectively eliminated convective currents due to temperature differences in the settling column. A total of 1000 calcium phosphate flocs were analyzed. Calcium phosphate flocs with fractal dimensions varying from 2.3 to 2.8 were generated via orthokinetic aggregation. Measurements of fractal dimensions, using light scattering, were done simultaneously with the settling experiments and they were found to be constant. The fractal dimensions calculated using the model agreed with those obtained by light scattering to within 12%.

[1]  Duu-Jong Lee,et al.  Estimate of sludge floc permeability , 2000 .

[2]  Bruce E. Logan,et al.  Settling Velocities of Fractal Aggregates , 1996 .

[3]  Veerapaneni,et al.  Hydrodynamics of Fractal Aggregates with Radially Varying Permeability. , 1996, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[4]  L. Gmachowski.  Mechanism of shear aggregation , 1995 .

[5]  J. Raper,et al.  Fractal Structure of Hematite Aggregates , 1990 .

[6]  J. Ganczarczyk,et al.  Fractal geometry of particle aggregates generated in water and wastewater treatment processes , 1989 .

[7]  O. Levenspiel,et al.  Drag coefficient and terminal velocity of spherical and nonspherical particles , 1989 .

[8]  A. Schmidt-ott,et al.  New approaches to in situ characterization of ultrafine agglomerates , 1988 .

[9]  J. Ganczarczyk,et al.  Flow through activated sludge flocs , 1988 .

[10]  James W. Gentry,et al.  Structural analysis of soot agglomerates , 1987 .

[11]  J. Masliyah,et al.  Terminal velocity of porous spheres , 1980 .

[12]  T. Witten,et al.  Long-range correlations in smoke-particle aggregates , 1979 .

[13]  Charles R. O'Melia,et al.  Water and waste water filtration. Concepts and applications , 1971 .

[14]  J. Gregory.  The density of particle aggregates , 1997 .

[15]  B. Dobiáš,et al.  Coagulation and flocculation : theory and applications , 1993 .

[16]  R. Bowers.  An axiomatic thermodynamics of open systems , 1979 .

[17]  J. Happel,et al.  Low Reynolds number hydrodynamics , 1965 .