Fahrfremde Taetigkeiten aelterer Fahrer. Ergebnisse einer face-to-face-Befragung / Distraction in older drivers. A face-to-face-interview study

Forschungsergebnisse zeigen, dass bei aelteren Fahrern die geteilte visuelle Aufmerksamkeit beeintraechtigt ist und sie daher Leistungseinbussen bei Doppelaufgaben aufweisen. Sie werden von den zusaetzlichen Aufgaben beim Fahren staerker abgelenkt als die juengeren Fahrer. Studien zeigen aber auch, dass aeltere Fahrer durchaus zu einer Kompensation ihrer mit dem Alter einhergehenden Leistungsbeeintraechtigungen imstande sind. Dieser Ausgleich erfolgt in erster Linie durch die Vermeidung unguenstiger Verkehrssituationen und - bedingungen und die vorausschauende Anpassung des Fahrverhaltens. Aber gilt das auch fuer Nebentaetigkeiten beim Fahren? Nur sehr wenige Studien haben das Ausmass fahrfremder Taetigkeiten unter aelteren Fahrern untersucht. Fuer Deutschland fehlen zuverlaessige Daten ueber das Ausmass von fahrfremden Taetigkeiten aelterer Fahrer. Daher wurde eine Fahrerbefragung in Form eines face-to-face Interviews direkt nach der Fahrt durchgefuehrt. Das Ziel war die Analyse der Altersunterschiede in Bezug auf das Ausmass und die eingeschaetzte Gefaehrlichkeit der fahrfremden Taetigkeiten. Der wesentliche Vorteil dieser effektiven und kostenguenstigen Methode ist die Moeglichkeit, Informationen auch ueber die fahrfremde Taetigkeiten zu sammeln, die nicht durch Beobachtung aufgenommen werden koennen (zum Beispiel Tagtraeumen, Nachdenken, Problemloesen). Ausserdem kann die subjektive Einschaetzung des mit den Nebenaufgaben verbundenen Risikos erfolgen. Um Gedaechtnis-Effekte bei den befragten Fahrern zu minimieren, wurden die Fahrer direkt nach der Fahrt und nur ueber die letzte halbe Stunde der Fahrt befragt. Die Ergebnisse der Befragung lassen sich folgendermassen interpretieren: Aeltere Fahrer beschaeftigen sich weniger als juengere mit fahrfremden Taetigkeiten, vielleicht weil sie regelbewusster sind, aber vielleicht auch deshalb, weil sie sich bei den zusaetzlichen Aufgaben beim Fahren ueberfordert fuehlen und deshalb auf diese verzichten (Kompensation). Allerdings sind weitere Studien notwendig, um die Datenbasis und damit die Aussagekraft zu vergroessern. Posterbeitrag zur 6. VDI-Tagung "Der Fahrer im 21. Jahrhundert", Braunschweig, 8. und 9. November 2011. Siehe auch Gesamtaufnahme der Tagung, ITRD-Nummer D368476. ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH: The prevalence of older drivers' engagement in distracting behaviors while driving is largely unexplored. Therefore face-to-face interviews were conducted in the city of Braunschweig, Germany, comparing a sample of older drivers (n = 205) to a group of middle-aged drivers (n = 209). The drivers were interviewed on their engagement in distracting behaviours during the last half an hour of their driving trip. They rated frequency, duration and severity of distracting tasks. Middle-age drivers were significantly more likely to engage in certain distracting behaviors than older drivers. The two most frequent behaviors in both age groups were interaction with passengers and using in-car devices. With regard to the duration of interactions with the passengers older drivers were significantly more talkative than middle-age drivers. It is concluded that older drivers' reluctance to engage in distracting tasks while driving is either a process of self-regulation or their age-related prudence. The study is the first to gather knowledge about distraction in German older drivers. (A)

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