Screening procedures for clenbuterol residue determination in raw swine livers using lateral-flow assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Clenbuterol, which may cause symptoms of increased heart rate, muscular tremors, headache, nausea, and muscular cramps in patients, has been prohibited for consumption in many countries including the European Union, the United States, and China. A rapid lateral-flow strip assay was developed in our laboratory, and results obtained with this assay were compared with those obtained with a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit for the screening of clenbuterol in raw swine liver. A total of 128 swine livers were acquired from five local markets and prepared for analysis by the lateral-flow strip assay and ELISA. Analysis was completed in 10 min with the lateral-flow strip assay and in 90 min with the ELISA. In parallel with the ELISA, the rapid detection strip produced no false-negative results but had a false-positive rate of 6.3%. Cross-reactivity of the strip was assessed and was negative after tests with clenbuterol analogues such as terbutaline, salbutamol, ractopamine, ritodrine, and fenoterol. These data suggest that a lateral-flow strip assay can be used safely as a screening method as part of a clenbuterol residue surveillance program and should be a valuable tool in the food safety field, especially in developing countries.

[1]  P. Maggi,et al.  Evaluation of a Rapid Immunochromatographic Test for Serodiagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis , 2002, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

[2]  T. Saeed,et al.  Screening for β-agonists in sheep urine and eyes by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the state of Kuwait. , 2000 .

[3]  E. Murby,et al.  Determination of clenbuterol in bovine urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry following clean-up on an ion-exchange resin. , 1999, Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical sciences and applications.

[4]  H. Meyer,et al.  The pharmacokinetics and residues of clenbuterol in veal calves. , 1991, Journal of animal science.

[5]  G. Masci,et al.  Use of molecularly imprinted polymers in the solid-phase extraction of clenbuterol from animal feeds and biological matrices. , 2001, Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical sciences and applications.

[6]  M. Hernández-Carrasquilla Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of β2-agonists in bovine retina , 2000 .

[7]  P. Carrola,et al.  Clenbuterol food poisoning diagnosis by gas chromatography–mass spectrometric serum analysis , 2003 .

[8]  F. Ramos,et al.  Control of the illegal use of clenbuterol in bovine production. , 2003, Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.

[9]  L. Amendola,et al.  Determination of clenbuterol in human urine by GC-MS-MS-MS: confirmation analysis in antidoping control. , 2002, Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences.

[10]  X. Z. Zhang,et al.  Determination of clenbuterol in pig liver by high-performance liquid chromatography with a coulometric electrode array system , 2003 .

[11]  H. Yeoh,et al.  Assessing cyanogen content in cassava-based food using the enzyme-dipstick method. , 2001, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

[12]  R. Stadler,et al.  Quantitative analysis of clenbuterol in meat products using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry. , 1999, Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical sciences and applications.

[13]  Weihua Lai,et al.  Development of a lateral-flow assay for rapid screening of the performance-enhancing sympathomimetic drug clenbuterol used in animal production; food safety assessments. , 2007, Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition.

[14]  A. Posyniak,et al.  Screening procedures for clenbuterol residue determination in bovine urine and liver matrices using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and liquid chromatography , 2003 .

[15]  Analysis of terbuthylazine in soil samples by two test strip immunoassay formats using reflectance and luminescence detection. , 1999, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[16]  G. Bazylak,et al.  Simultaneous high-throughput determination of clenbuterol, ambroxol and bromhexine in pharmaceutical formulations by HPLC with potentiometric detection. , 2003, Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.

[17]  C. Milstein,et al.  Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity , 1975, Nature.

[18]  K Henderson,et al.  A dipstick immunoassay to rapidly measure serum oestrone sulfate concentrations in horses. , 2000, Reproduction, fertility, and development.

[19]  F. Ramos,et al.  Food poisoning by clenbuterol in Portugal , 2005, Food additives and contaminants.

[20]  R D Schmid,et al.  Development and evaluation of a dipstick immunoassay format for the determination of atrazine residues on-site. , 1996, The Analyst.

[21]  D. Lamaison,et al.  Collective human food poisonings by clenbuterol residues in veal liver. , 1991, Veterinary and human toxicology.

[22]  P. Salvà,et al.  Epidemiologic study of an outbreak of clenbuterol poisoning in Catalonia, Spain. , 1995, Public health reports.

[23]  D. Ozer,et al.  Gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of clenbuterol from urine. , 1998, Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.

[24]  G. Oliviero,et al.  Clenbuterol residues in non-liver containing meat as a cause of collective food poisoning. , 1998, Veterinary and human toxicology.