Cognition and Intervention in Traumatic Brain Injury

The destructive ravages of externallyor internally-induced damage to the brain and CNS trauma, whether this be of mild, moderate or severe extent, will invariably be the consequence of proximal-distal causation, proliferation and severity [1-3], such as cerebral ischemia which afflicts millions of individuals worldwide with eventual survivors suffering from long-term functional and cognitive deficits. Cerebral damage in traumatic brain injury (TBI) may be accompanied by headache, of varying intensities and localizations, dizziness and illfeeling, loss of consciousness, blurring of vision, hearing impediments, confusion states, loss of memory and cognitive capacity, seizure activity, paralysis and coma as the primary-registered symptoms and expressions, with the expectation of accompanying damage to bloodbrain-barrier integrity, accelerated apoptosis and excitotoxicity [46]. Further, there is a profusion of balance and attentive disorders in TBI independent of several other injury parameters. Neurobehavioral problems, mood and cognition disorder, especially with regard to memory performance, attention, planning and executive functioning are invariably impaired in individuals afflicted by TBI, a major and leading cause of chronic disability over the globe. All of these signs and symptoms in various wound-combinations, intensities and severities, locations and stages will offer the determination of the dimensions of short-term and long-term disruption of physical, sensory-motor, cognitive-emotional, behavioral and emotional domains [7-9]. Efforts to establish diagnostic and symptomatic instruments for establishing deficits in cognitive domains of TBI, not least regarding self-awareness [10,11] and mindfulness [12-14], have produced several essential methodological ingredients.