Pile foundations: Experimental investigations, analysis and design

Selected topics in the field of pile foundations are addressed. The effects of the installation technique on the bearing ca- pacity and the load-settlement response of a single pile are discussed. The latter effect is shown to be less significant; a settlement co ntrolled design is thus less dependent on the technological factors. Monitoring of the installation parameters shows some potential for controlling the pile response. The available experimental evidence on the behaviour of pile foundations under vertical loads (set- tlement, load sharing, bearing capacity), by monitoring of full scale structures or by research experiments, is reviewed. Simple em- pirical methods for a preliminary evaluation of the settlement are suggested. The (more limited) evidence about horizontal loading is also reviewed and discussed. The methods for the analysis of pile foundations under vertical load are next reported. They may be con- sidered satisfactory for engineering purposes, provided they are used paying due attention to the correspondence relations between theories and reality. The criteria for an optimum design, achieving maximum economy while keeping satisfactory performances, are di fferent for different kinds of pile foundations (small groups, large rafts). Safety against a bearing capacity failure, average settle- ment, differential settlement, moment and shear in the raft and cost are the quantities to be controlled. It is claimed that the conven- tional capacity based approach, still prevailing in practice, is not suited to develop a proper design. Present codes and regulations, es- sentially based on this approach, at the time being act as a restraint rather than a stimulus and need some revision.

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