Warfare Implications of Dry-Laid Masonry Walls on Tumamoc Hill

ABSTRACTWarfare implications of trincheras sites are inferred and tested. They are shown to be consistent with current data on the late prehistoric and early historic periods. Defense is demonstrated to be the best available hypothesis accounting for the Tumamoc Hill walls. A general model is then introduced to account for the warfare implications. It is postulated that a Hohokam tribute system developed during the eleventh century and was replaced by an interaction system of chiefdoms during the Civano phase. Resulting population overextension and warfare caused systemic collapse in southern Arizona about A.D. 1400–1450.

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