Skill-oriented task sequencing in an intelligent tutor for basic algebra

As part of a project to develop an intelligent computer tutor for basic algebra, we have been investigating task sequencing. In this paper we present an approach to task sequencing that is based on a component-skills view of intelligence and learning. We postulate that tutors use inferences about past and present student performance to determine a current skill set that will be the new target for learning. The skill set is then used as a basis for generating tasks that should elicit those skills. Current skill sets are modified slowly over time so that lessons appear coherent and well-planned. We first describe the approach at a general level, where it can be viewed as a cognitive model of human task sequencing. Then we discuss the implementation of the model in our intelligent algebra tutoring system.

[1]  Arthur E. Oldehoeft,et al.  The Design of an Instructional System Based on Problem Generators , 1975, Int. J. Man Mach. Stud..

[2]  Jack A. Chambers,et al.  Computer assisted instruction: current trends and critical issues , 1980, CACM.

[3]  Stellan Ohlsson,et al.  Some principles of intelligent tutoring , 1986 .

[4]  John Seely Brown,et al.  Diagnostic Models for Procedural Bugs in Basic Mathematical Skills , 1978, Cogn. Sci..

[5]  Ira P. Goldstein,et al.  The genetic graph: a representation for the evolution of procedural knowledge , 1979 .

[6]  Allan Collins,et al.  A Cognitive Theory of Interactive Teaching. , 1981 .

[7]  John R. Anderson Acquisition of cognitive skill. , 1982 .

[8]  Allen Newell,et al.  Human Problem Solving. , 1973 .

[9]  Derek H. Sleeman,et al.  Modelling Student's Problem Solving , 1981, Artif. Intell..

[10]  Roger C. Schank,et al.  SCRIPTS, PLANS, GOALS, AND UNDERSTANDING , 1988 .

[11]  Susan E. Newman,et al.  Cognitive Apprenticeship: Teaching the Craft of Reading, Writing, and Mathematics. Technical Report No. 403. , 1987 .

[12]  R. Glaser Advances in Instructional Psychology , 1978 .

[13]  Alan H. Schoenfeld,et al.  Problem Solving in the Mathematics Curriculum. A Report, Recommendations, and an Annotated Bibliography. MAA Notes, Number 1. , 1983 .

[14]  Gordon I. McCalla,et al.  Using Planning Techniques in Intelligent Tutoring Systems , 1986, Int. J. Man Mach. Stud..

[15]  Kurt VanLehn,et al.  Felicity conditions for human skill acquisition: validating an ai-based theory , 1983 .

[16]  Timothy O'Shea,et al.  Learning and teaching with computers , 1983 .

[17]  John Seely Brown,et al.  Artificial Intelligence and Learning Strategies. , 1978 .

[18]  Allan Collins,et al.  THE COMPUTER AS A TOOL FOR LEARNING THROUGH REFLECTION , 1986 .

[19]  William J. Clancey,et al.  Tutoring rules for guiding a case method dialogue , 1979 .

[20]  Kurt VanLehn,et al.  Learning one Subprocedure per Lesson , 1987, Artif. Intell..

[21]  John R. Anderson,et al.  The Geometry Tutor , 1985, IJCAI.

[22]  Richard C. Atkinson,et al.  The Computer as a Tutorial Laboratory: The Stanford BIP Project. , 1976 .

[23]  Keith T. Wescourt,et al.  Knowledge-based adaptive curriculum sequencing for CAI: Application of a network representation , 1977, ACM Annual Conference.

[24]  Alan H. Schoenfeld,et al.  Mathematical Problem Solving , 1985 .

[25]  Etienne Wenger,et al.  Artificial Intelligence and Tutoring Systems , 1987 .

[26]  Beverly Park Woolf,et al.  Building a Computer Tutor: Design Issues , 1984, Computer.

[27]  David J. McArthur,et al.  Learning Problem-Solving Skills in Algebra , 1987 .

[28]  Heinz Mandl,et al.  Learning Issues for Intelligent Tutoring Systems , 1988, Cognitive Science.

[29]  James H. Block,et al.  1: Mastery Learning , 1976 .

[30]  Leslie J. Briggs,et al.  Principles of Instructional Design , 1974 .