Bipolar cascade 1.55 /spl mu/m VCSELs with >1 differential quantum efficiency and CW operation

We present completely monolithic, single-step grown, bipolar cascade MQW vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) at 1.55 /spl mu/m with greater-than-unity differential quantum efficiency. A typical device had a threshold current density of 1 kA/cm/sup 2/, a threshold voltage of 3.2 V, and demonstrated continuous wave (CW) operation up to 8 C.