Cognitive–behavioral therapy for bipolar disorder

Bipolar disorder is one of the most serious and prevalent psychiatric disorders. The aim of the present article is to review the efficiency of cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT) for bipolar patients. Some studies show consistent evidence that cognitive therapy, concomitant to psycho-education and pharmacological treatment, offers efficacy in different phases of the disease. In most of the studies, patients undergoing CBT showed improvements in quality of life, with a reduction in both frequency and duration of mood episodes, as well as higher degrees of compliance and fewer hospitalizations. More studies are required to prove the effectiveness of CBT for bipolar disorder in the context of standardizing diagnostic criteria and measuring instruments to evaluate the disorder’s different phases and severity.

[1]  M. Otto,et al.  The Role and Impact of Psychotherapy in the Management of Bipolar Disorder , 2004, CNS Spectrums.

[2]  Prien Rf,et al.  NIMH workshop report on treatment of bipolar disorder. , 1990 .

[3]  Y. Khazaal,et al.  Psychoéducation et traitements cognitifs et comportementaux du trouble bipolaire , 2006 .

[4]  M. Åsberg,et al.  A New Depression Scale Designed to be Sensitive to Change , 1979, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[5]  M. Preisig,et al.  Advance directives based on cognitive therapy: a way to overcome coercion related problems. , 2009, Patient education and counseling.

[6]  P. Bieling,et al.  Group cognitive behavioral therapy for bipolar disorder: a feasibility and effectiveness study. , 2001, Journal of affective disorders.

[7]  S. Moorhead,et al.  A pilot study of cognitive therapy in bipolar disorders , 2001, Psychological Medicine.

[8]  M. Weissman,et al.  Assessment of social adjustment by patient self-report. , 1976, Archives of general psychiatry.

[9]  G. Sachs Unmet Clinical Needs in Bipolar Disorder , 2003, Journal of clinical psychopharmacology.

[10]  P. Sham,et al.  A randomized controlled study of cognitive therapy for relapse prevention for bipolar affective disorder: outcome of the first year. , 2003, Archives of general psychiatry.

[11]  Steven H. Jones Psychotherapy of bipolar disorder: a review. , 2004, Journal of affective disorders.

[12]  R. Spitzer Dsm-IV Casebook: A Learning Companion to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition , 1994 .

[13]  J. Calabrese,et al.  A placebo-controlled 18-month trial of lamotrigine and lithium maintenance treatment in recently depressed patients with bipolar I disorder. , 2003, The Journal of clinical psychiatry.

[14]  E. Vieta,et al.  [Improving the outcome of bipolar disorder through non-pharmacological strategies: the role of psychoeducation]. , 2004, Revista brasileira de psiquiatria.

[15]  L. Träskman-bendz,et al.  Hopelessness and suicidal behavior. , 1997, Journal of affective disorders.

[16]  P. Bech,et al.  The mania rating scale: Scale construction and inter-observer agreement , 1978, Neuropharmacology.

[17]  J. Mundt,et al.  The Work and Social Adjustment Scale: a simple measure of impairment in functioning. , 2002, The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science.

[18]  E. Vieta,et al.  Evidence-based research on the efficacy of psychologic interventions in bipolar disorders: A critical review , 2005, Current psychiatry reports.

[19]  B. Meyers,et al.  Psychiatric Reactions during Tricyclic Treatment of the Elderly Reconsidered , 1983, Journal of clinical psychopharmacology.

[20]  J. Dowson Assessment of DSM–III–R Personality Disorders by Self-Report Questionnaire: the Role of Informants and a Screening Test for Co-morbid Personality Disorders (STCPD) , 1992, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[21]  N. Tarrier,et al.  Randomised controlled trial of efficacy of teaching patients with bipolar disorder to identify early symptoms of relapse and obtain treatment , 1999, BMJ.

[22]  L. Judd,et al.  The prevalence and disability of bipolar spectrum disorders in the US population: re-analysis of the ECA database taking into account subthreshold cases. , 2003, Journal of affective disorders.

[23]  S. Hollon,et al.  Cognitive self-statements in depression: Development of an automatic thoughts questionnaire , 1980, Cognitive Therapy and Research.

[24]  E. Vieta,et al.  Acute and long-term treatment of mania , 2008, Dialogues in clinical neuroscience.

[25]  J. Calabrese,et al.  Depression during mania. Treatment response to lithium or divalproex. , 1997, Archives of general psychiatry.

[26]  J. Fleiss,et al.  The global assessment scale. A procedure for measuring overall severity of psychiatric disturbance. , 1976, Archives of general psychiatry.

[27]  D. Miklowitz Adjunctive psychotherapy for bipolar disorder: state of the evidence. , 2008, The American journal of psychiatry.

[28]  D. Black,et al.  Predictors of immediate response in the treatment of mania: The importance of comorbidity , 1988, Biological Psychiatry.

[29]  R. C. Young,et al.  A Rating Scale for Mania: Reliability, Validity and Sensitivity , 1978, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[30]  Jan Scott Cognitive Therapy for Bipolar Disorder: A Therapist's Guide to Concepts, Methods and Practice , 2000, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[31]  S. Cochran Preventing medical noncompliance in the outpatient treatment of bipolar affective disorders. , 1984, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[32]  S. Parikh,et al.  Is Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy More Effective Than Psychoeducation in Bipolar Disorder? , 2008, Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie.

[33]  T. Johnson,et al.  Cognitive–behavioural therapy for severe and recurrent bipolar disorders , 2006, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[34]  P. Whybrow,et al.  Independent assessment of manic and depressive symptoms by self-rating. Scale characteristics and implications for the study of mania. , 1991, Archives of general psychiatry.

[35]  Jan Scott,et al.  Gaps and Limitations of Psychological Interventions for Bipolar Disorders , 2007, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics.

[36]  Tanya B. Tran,et al.  Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Rapid-Cycling Bipolar Disorder: A Pilot Study , 2007, Journal of psychiatric practice.

[37]  J. McClellan,et al.  Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with bipolar disorder , 1994 .

[38]  Ellen Frank,et al.  Psychosocial treatments for bipolar depression: a 1-year randomized trial from the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program. , 2007, Archives of general psychiatry.

[39]  Steven H. Jones,et al.  Cognitive Therapy for Bipolar Illness—A Pilot Study of Relapse Prevention , 2000, Cognitive Therapy and Research.

[40]  A. Beck,et al.  Bipolar Disorder: A Cognitive Therapy Approach , 2001 .

[41]  A. Beck,et al.  Hopelessness and suicidal behavior. An overview. , 1975, JAMA.

[42]  Jason M. Satterfield,et al.  Adjunctive cognitive-behavioral therapy for rapid-cycling bipolar disorder: an empirical case study. , 1999, Psychiatry.

[43]  A. Beck,et al.  An inventory for measuring depression. , 1961, Archives of general psychiatry.

[44]  P. Sham,et al.  Relapse prevention in patients with bipolar disorder: cognitive therapy outcome after 2 years. , 2005, The American journal of psychiatry.

[45]  C. McHorney,et al.  The MOS 36‐Item Short‐Form Health Survey (SF‐36): II. Psychometric and Clinical Tests of Validity in Measuring Physical and Mental Health Constructs , 1993, Medical care.

[46]  A. Beck,et al.  An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. , 1988, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[47]  Z. Segal,et al.  Cognitive Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Pilot Study , 1999, Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie.

[48]  J. Endicott,et al.  A diagnostic interview: the schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia. , 1978, Archives of general psychiatry.

[49]  J. Calabrese,et al.  A placebo-controlled 18-month trial of lamotrigine and lithium maintenance treatment in recently manic or hypomanic patients with bipolar I disorder. , 2003, Archives of general psychiatry.

[50]  P. Mitchell,et al.  A randomized controlled trial of cognitive therapy for bipolar disorder: focus on long-term change. , 2006, The Journal of clinical psychiatry.

[51]  M. Adams,et al.  CBT in a Group Format for Bi-Polar Affective Disorder , 1995, Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy.

[52]  A. Osman,et al.  Psychometric evaluation of the Reasons for Living Inventory , 1993 .

[53]  N. Andreasen,et al.  The Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation. A comprehensive method for assessing outcome in prospective longitudinal studies. , 1987, Archives of general psychiatry.

[54]  N. S. Harvey,et al.  Lithium Maintenance: 1. A Standard Education Programme for Patients , 1991, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[55]  W. Potter,et al.  NIMH workshop report on treatment of bipolar disorder. , 1990, Psychopharmacology bulletin.

[56]  M. Hamilton A RATING SCALE FOR DEPRESSION , 1960, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[57]  R. Porter,et al.  Clinical practice recommendations for bipolar disorder , 2009, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum.

[58]  E. Vieta,et al.  A meta-analysis of relapse rates with adjunctive psychological therapies compared to usual psychiatric treatment for bipolar disorders. , 2007, The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology.