Intellectual Property Rights on Research Tools: Incentives or Barriers to Innovation? Case Studies of Rice Genomics and Plant Transformation Technologies

upstream innovators might simply block or "hold up" the commercialization of some downstream technolo- gies. This paper examines the role of patents in the development and use of two platform technologies for plant biotechnology—plant transformation techniques and structural genomics. We find that patents were important in inducing private firms to develop these platform technologies. Their development led to the com- mercialization of more genetically modified (GM) varieties more rapidly than would have been the case otherwise. We identified some examples of research and GM variety marketing that were slowed down by the patents on tools. However, our preliminary assessment of the evidence suggests that the benefits from pat- ents on tools outweigh the costs.

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