Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of a LiCoO2 Li-Ion Battery Cathode

Experimental To obtain the electrode material used in this work, a new VARTA LIC 18650 WC lithium-ion battery was unsealed and dismantled. After evaporation of the electrolyte, a piece was extracted from the cathodeandpreparedforFIB/SEMbysputteringaplatinumlayeronto the surface of the sample to gain a more planar area as a starting point for the FIB. Additionally, two reference lines, one orthogonal and the other with an angle of 48.2 ◦ in relation to the cutting plane, were imprinted into the platinum layer, providing a method independent of surface skew or irregularities to determine slice thickness (Fig. 1). With the help of an FEI Quanta three-dimensional dual-beam FIBSEM at Fraunhofer IZM, Berlin, a cavity was cut into the sample as a starting point and subsequently one side of the cuboid was ablated slice by slice, while the SEM, with an angle of 38 ◦ relative to the sample surface, generated one image per slice.

[1]  Moses Ender,et al.  Three-dimensional reconstruction of a composite cathode for lithium-ion cells , 2011 .

[2]  Andrew M. Minor,et al.  Effects of Various Conductive Additive and Polymeric Binder Contents on the Performance of a Lithium-Ion Composite Cathode , 2008 .

[3]  M. Rosenblatt.  Remarks on Some Nonparametric Estimates of a Density Function , 1956 .

[4]  J. Newman,et al.  Porous‐electrode theory with battery applications , 1975 .

[5]  E. Wachsman,et al.  Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Porous LSCF Cathodes , 2007 .

[6]  J. Smith,et al.  A dynamic method for catalyst diffusivities , 1975 .

[7]  Ralph E. White,et al.  Review of Models for Predicting the Cycling Performance of Lithium Ion Batteries , 2006 .

[8]  Jon M. Hiller,et al.  Three-dimensional reconstruction of a solid-oxide fuel-cell anode , 2006, Nature materials.

[9]  Stephen J. Harris,et al.  Measurement of three-dimensional microstructure in a LiCoO2 positive electrode , 2011 .

[10]  Ellen Ivers-Tiffée,et al.  Reconstruction of porous electrodes by FIB/SEM for detailed microstructure modeling , 2011 .

[11]  S. Pejovnik,et al.  A Novel Coating Technology for Preparation of Cathodes in Li-Ion Batteries , 2001 .

[12]  D. Guyomard,et al.  Critical Role of Polymeric Binders on the Electronic Transport Properties of Composites Electrode , 2006 .

[13]  R. Zengerle,et al.  Direct three-dimensional reconstruction of a nanoporous catalyst layer for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell , 2011 .

[14]  W. H. Hedley,et al.  Accessibility of surface to gases diffusing inside macroporous media , 1966 .

[15]  Scott A. Barnett,et al.  Effect of composition of (La0.8Sr0.2MnO3–Y2O3-stabilized ZrO2) cathodes: Correlating three-dimensional microstructure and polarization resistance , 2010 .

[16]  K. Zaghib,et al.  Extraction of Layerwise Conductivities in Carbon-Enhanced, Multilayered LiFePO4 Cathodes , 2005 .

[17]  Zeyun Yu,et al.  New algorithms in 3D image analysis and their application to the measurement of a spatialized pore size distribution in soils , 1999 .

[18]  Ralph E. White,et al.  Mathematical modeling of lithium-ion and nickel battery systems , 2002 .

[19]  Donald L. Katz,et al.  Flow of Gases through Consolidated Porous Media , 1953 .

[20]  Ralph E. White,et al.  Mathematical modeling of secondary lithium batteries , 2000 .

[21]  B Münch,et al.  Three‐dimensional analysis of porous BaTiO3 ceramics using FIB nanotomography , 2004, Journal of microscopy.

[22]  Gan Ning,et al.  Cycle Life Modeling of Lithium-Ion Batteries , 2004 .

[23]  Roland Zengerle,et al.  Nano-morphology of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell catalyst layer—imaging, reconstruction and analysis , 2011 .

[24]  Marcio Gameiro,et al.  Quantitative three-dimensional microstructure of a solid oxide fuel cell cathode , 2009 .

[25]  Xin Wang,et al.  American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir , 2011 .

[26]  A. Garrouch,et al.  Using diffusion and electrical measurements to assess tortuosity of porous media , 2001 .