Environmental parasitology. Interactions between parasites and pollutants in the aquatic environment.

In recent years there has been an increasing number of papers showing how parasitism and pollution can interact with each other in aquatic organisms. Among the variety of investigated aspects especially the combined effects of pollution and simultaneous infection on the health of aquatic hosts (molluscs, crustaceans, fish, mammals) is of considerable interest. Effects of pollution on the occurrence and distribution of parasites is another interesting field of "Environmental Parasitology" attracting increasing attention. This mini-review presents some promising examples of interdisciplinary studies paying attention to the fact that under natural conditions no organism will only be affected by either parasites or pollution.

[1]  B. Sures,et al.  Individual and combined effects of cadmium and 3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126) on the humoral immune response in European eel (Anguilla anguilla) experimentally infected with larvae of Anguillicola crassus (Nematoda) , 2004, Parasitology.

[2]  B. Sures,et al.  CICHLIDOGYRUS SCLEROSUS (MONOGENEA: ANCYROCEPHALINAE) AND ITS HOST, THE NILE TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS), AS BIOINDICATORS OF CHEMICAL POLLUTION , 2007, The Journal of parasitology.

[3]  H. Williams,et al.  Marine parasites as pollution indicators: an update , 2003, Parasitology.

[4]  C. Rice,et al.  The Effects of Tributyltin (TBT) and 3,3′,4,4′,5-Pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB-126) Mixtures on Antibody Responses and Phagocyte Oxidative Burst Activity in Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus , 2001, Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology.

[5]  K. MacKenzie.  Parasites as Pollution Indicators in Marine Ecosystems: a Proposed Early Warning System , 1999 .

[6]  B. Sures.  Environmental parasitology: relevancy of parasites in monitoring environmental pollution. , 2004, Trends in parasitology.

[7]  A. Diamant,et al.  The use of fish metabolic, pathological and parasitological indices in pollution monitoring , 1999, Helgoland Marine Research.

[8]  B. Sures.  Accumulation of heavy metals by intestinal helminths in fish: an overview and perspective , 2003, Parasitology.

[9]  M. Baudrimont,et al.  Impact of digenean parasite infection on metallothionein synthesis by the cockle (Cerastoderma edule): a multivariate field monitoring. , 2006, Marine pollution bulletin.

[10]  E. Valtonen,et al.  Eutrophication, pollution, and fragmentation : effects on parasite communities in roach (Rutilus rutilus) and perch (Perca fluviatilis) in four lakes in central Finland , 1997 .

[11]  B. Sures,et al.  Effects of infection with Anguillicola crassus and simultaneous exposure with Cd and 3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126) on the levels of cortisol and glucose in European eel (Anguilla anguilla) , 2005, Parasitology.

[12]  D. Hoole.  The effects of pollutants on the immune response of fish: implications for helminth parasites. , 1997, Parassitologia.

[13]  I. Holopainen,et al.  Toxicokinetics of 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol and Benzo(a)pyrene in the Clam Pisidium amnicum: Effects of Seasonal Temperatures and Trematode Parasites , 2000, Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology.

[14]  The effect of digenean (Platyhelminthes) infections on heavy metal concentrations in Littorina littorea , 2001, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom.

[15]  The intestinal parasite Pomphorhynchus laevis (Acanthocephala) interferes with the uptake and accumulation of lead (210Pb) in its fish host chub (Leuciscus cephalus). , 2003, International journal for parasitology.

[16]  K. Lafferty,et al.  ARE DISEASES INCREASING IN THE OCEAN , 2004 .

[17]  B. Sures,et al.  Induction of stress by the swimbladder nematode Anguillicola crassus in European eels, Anguilla anguilla, after repeated experimental infection , 2001, Parasitology.

[18]  M. Baudrimont,et al.  Evidence of an altered protective effect of metallothioneins after cadmium exposure in the digenean parasite-infected cockle (Cerastoderma edule) , 2006, Parasitology.

[19]  S. E. Bonga.  The stress response in fish , 1997 .

[20]  M. Hecker,et al.  Parasitism in fish--an endocrine modulator of ecological relevance? , 2005, Aquatic toxicology.

[21]  J. Weis,et al.  Mercury uptake by the estuarine species Palaemonetes pugio and Fundulus heteroclitus compared with their parasites, Probopyrus pandalicola and Eustrongylides sp. , 2002, Marine pollution bulletin.

[22]  Interaction between cadmium exposure and infection with the intestinal parasite Moniliformis moniliformis (Acanthocephala) on the stress hormone levels in rats. , 2002, Environmental pollution.

[23]  B. Sures,et al.  A nonlinear model of stress hormone levels in rats-the interaction between pollution and parasites. , 2004, Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.

[24]  B. Sures,et al.  How parasitism and pollution affect the physiological homeostasis of aquatic hosts , 2006, Journal of Helminthology.

[25]  B. Sures,et al.  Pollution-induced heat shock protein expression in the amphipod Gammarus roeseli is affected by larvae of Polymorphus minutus (Acanthocephala) , 2007, Journal of Helminthology.

[26]  A. Kostadinova,et al.  Parasite communities in Boops boops (L.) (Sparidae) after the Prestige oil-spill: detectable alterations. , 2007, Marine pollution bulletin.

[27]  B. Sures,et al.  Pomphorhynchus laevis: the intestinal acanthocephalan as a lead sink for its fish host, chub (Leuciscus cephalus). , 1999, Experimental parasitology.

[28]  A. Todgham,et al.  The stress response is protective: cross protection in fish , 1999 .

[29]  J. Stein,et al.  Effect of Pollution on Fish Diseases: Potential Impacts on Salmonid Populations , 1998 .

[30]  R. Siddall,et al.  Parasites as indicators of water quality and the potential use of helminth transmission in marine pollution studies. , 1995, Advances in parasitology.

[31]  L. E. Lee,et al.  Ecotoxicology and innate immunity in fish. , 2001, Developmental and comparative immunology.

[32]  U. Varanasi,et al.  Increased Susceptibility of Juvenile Chinook Salmon from a Contaminated Estuary to Vibrio anguillarum , 1998 .