Electrochemical micromachining of titanium surfaces for biomedical applications

Abstract Surface microscopic features are critical factors that affect successful application of titanium as a load bearing implant in orthopedic surgery. Electrochemical micromachining (ECM) offers a mean to produce patterns on titanium surfaces. In the present study, a new ECM technique, jet-electrochemical micromachining (Jet-EMM), was employed to produce micro-hole patterns on titanium specimens. Surface holes, which are hundreds of micrometers in diameter and have an aspect ratio of over 1.3, were machined by combining jet flow impingement and electrochemical reaction. Compared with through mask electrochemical micromachining (TMEMM), Jet-EMM exhibits an advantage in producing surface features with a high aspect ratio and in producing the features on curved surfaces. It can be potentially used to modify the surfaces of the titanium implants requiring extensive bone in-growth and better osteointegration.

[1]  Joon B. Park.  Biomaterials:An Introduction , 1992 .

[2]  D. Landolt,et al.  Electrochemical micromachining of controlled topographies on titanium for biological applications , 1997 .

[3]  Yang Leng,et al.  Quantitative analysis of osteoblast behavior on microgrooved hydroxyapatite and titanium substrata. , 2003, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.

[4]  N. Jaeger,et al.  Production of Microfabricated Surfaces and Their Effects on Cell Behavior , 2001 .

[5]  Madhav Datta,et al.  Jet and Laser‐Jet Electrochemical Micromachining of Nickel and Steel , 1989 .

[6]  Yasuhiko Ito,et al.  Electrochemical technology : innovation and new developments , 1996 .

[7]  J. McGeough,et al.  Micromachining of Engineering Materials , 2001 .

[8]  Y. Tai,et al.  Titanium-alloy MEMS wing technology for a micro aerial vehicle application , 2001 .

[9]  Abu Samah Zuruzi,et al.  High-aspect-ratio bulk micromachining of titanium , 2004, Nature materials.

[10]  M. Textor,et al.  Characterization of Titanium Surfaces , 2001 .

[11]  J. Jansen,et al.  Scanning electron microscopic, transmission electron microscopic, and confocal laser scanning microscopic observation of fibroblasts cultured on microgrooved surfaces of bulk titanium substrata. , 1998, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[12]  Patrik Hoffmann,et al.  Electrochemical Micromachining of Titanium through a Laser Patterned Oxide Film , 1999 .

[13]  Marcus Textor,et al.  Titanium in Medicine : material science, surface science, engineering, biological responses and medical applications , 2001 .

[14]  D. Landolt,et al.  Through‐Mask Electrochemical Micromachining of Titanium , 1999 .

[15]  M. Datta.  Micromachining by electrochemical dissolution , 2002 .

[16]  Madhav Datta,et al.  Electrochemical micromachining: An environmentally friendly, high speed processing technology , 1997 .

[17]  B. Kasemo,et al.  Implant Surfaces and Interface Processes , 1999, Advances in dental research.

[18]  D. Landolt,et al.  Two-level electrochemical micromachining of titanium for device fabrication , 2001 .

[19]  Y. Leng,et al.  Comparative study of osteoconduction on micromachined and alkali-treated titanium alloy surfaces in vitro and in vivo. , 2005, Biomaterials.

[20]  H. Alexander,et al.  Bone response to laser microtextured surfaces , 2000 .

[21]  M. Datta,et al.  Microfabrication by electrochemical metal removal , 1998, IBM J. Res. Dev..

[22]  Madhav Datta.  Applications of electrochemical microfabrication: An introduction , 1998, IBM J. Res. Dev..