A Review of Recent Approaches for Modeling Solid Third Bodies

The paper considers the behavior of third bodies in dry contacts. A description of the mechanism operating in contacts is given and the influence of external parameters outlined. Both physicochemical and mechanical conditions greatly influence third body behavior. Depending on third-body composition, the external influence can be more or less dramatic. Due to difficulties with experimentation, numerical modeling is suggested as a complementary tool. Two approaches for such modeling are described, the continuum and the discrete approach. At present these models are at an early development stage (two-dimensional simulations), and great efforts should be made for their further development. While an experimental apparatus can study phenomena at only one scale; namely the nanometer with AFM, or the micron to millimeter with fretting machines, modeling is able to range from the microscopic properties (particle interactions like coefficient of restitution) to the macroscopic properties by integration or averaging (load capacity, friction coefficient).

[1]  H. Heshmat.  Wear reduction systems for coal-fueled diesel engines. I: The basics of powder lubrication , 1993 .

[2]  P. Cundall,et al.  A discrete numerical model for granular assemblies , 1979 .

[3]  Yves Berthier,et al.  Maurice Godet's Third Body , 1996 .

[4]  K. Ludema.  Third Bodies: Perspectives on Modeling in Lubricated Contacts, in close fitting contacts, Etc: Following on the Concepts of Dr. Maurice Godet , 1996 .

[5]  K. Craig,et al.  Granular collision lubrication , 1994 .

[6]  J. Kalousek,et al.  Rheological model of solid layer in rolling contact , 1997 .

[7]  H. Heshmat,et al.  The quasi-hydrodynamic mechanism of powder lubrication. I: Lubricant flow visualization , 1992 .

[8]  Discrete Models for Contact Problems , 1995 .

[9]  H. Heshmat,et al.  On the Cognitive Approach Toward Classification of Dry Triboparticulates , 1994 .

[10]  Hooshang Heshmat,et al.  On the Theory of Quasi-Hydrodynamic Lubrication with Dry Powder: Application to Development of High-Speed Journal Bearings for Hostile Environments , 1994 .

[11]  M. Khonsari,et al.  An Analysis of Powder Lubricated Slider Bearings , 1996 .

[12]  Y. Berthier,et al.  A Simple Model for Granular Lubrication; Influence of Boundaries , 1996 .

[13]  H. Heshmat,et al.  On the Rheodynamics of Powder Lubricated Journal Bearing: Theory and Experiment , 1999 .

[14]  H. Elrod,et al.  Paper V (iv) Numerical Experiments with Flows of Elongated Granules , 1992 .

[15]  Y. Berthier,et al.  Velocity Accommodation in Friction , 1989 .

[16]  Hooshang Heshmat,et al.  On a common tribological mechanism between interacting surfaces , 1989 .

[17]  H. Heshmat,et al.  The quasi-hydrodynamic mechanism of powder lubrication. Part II: Lubricant film pressure profile , 1992 .

[18]  M. Khonsari,et al.  Flow Characteristics of a Powder Lubricant Sheared Between Parallel Plates , 2000 .

[19]  M. Godet.  The third-body approach: A mechanical view of wear , 1984 .

[20]  F. Sidoroff,et al.  Particulate and granular simulation of the third body behaviour , 1996 .

[21]  First steps for a rheological model for the solid third body , 1999 .

[22]  D. Jeffrey,et al.  Kinetic theories for granular flow: inelastic particles in Couette flow and slightly inelastic particles in a general flowfield , 1984, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[23]  J. Tichy,et al.  Granular collisional lubrication : Effect of surface roughness, particle size and solids fraction , 1996 .

[24]  On the Lubrication Mechanism of Grain Flows , 1994 .

[25]  P. Haff.  Grain flow as a fluid-mechanical phenomenon , 1983, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[26]  H. Heshmat.  The Quasi-Hydrodynamic Mechanism of Powder Lubrication—Part III: On Theory and Rheology of Triboparticulates , 1995 .

[27]  Michael M. Khonsari,et al.  Generalized Boundary Interactions for Powder Lubricated Couette Flows , 1996 .