Emicizumab for the prevention of bleeds in hemophilia A

ABSTRACT Introduction: The management of hemophilia A with and without inhibitors is challenging with high treatment burden of prophylactic regimens, musculoskeletal complications, poor treatment compliance, poor venous access and therapies with suboptimal levels. Areas covered: Emicizumab is a bispecific monoclonal antibody recently approved for prevention of bleeds in hemophilia A patients with and without inhibitors. This review is a synthesis of several recently completed emicizumab clinical trials with the emphasis of its mechanism of action, efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetic profile when used for prevention of bleeds in hemophilia A patients of all age groups with and without inhibitors. We also review the role of emicizumab in the era of rapidly evolving novel therapies in hemophilia A. Expert opinion: Data from completed clinical studies indicate that emicizumab is poised to address current unmet needs in hemophilia A. It has high efficacy in the prevention of bleeds and a favorable safety profile. Subcutaneous dosing and versatile dosing regimens make emicizumab an ideal drug to address current unmet needs in hemophilia A management across all age groups. How emicizumab fits in the current rapidly evolving hemophilia A therapeutic landscape will be exciting to watch in the coming period.

[1]  J. Oldenburg,et al.  The effect of emicizumab prophylaxis on health‐related outcomes in persons with haemophilia A with inhibitors: HAVEN 1 Study , 2018, Haemophilia : the official journal of the World Federation of Hemophilia.

[2]  Anisha M. Patel,et al.  Management of Persons with Hemophilia A with Inhibitors After Emicizumab Approval , 2018, Blood.

[3]  Zheng-Yi Zhou,et al.  Model of Short- and Long-Term Outcomes of Emicizumab Prophylaxis Treatment for Persons with Hemophilia A , 2018, Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy.

[4]  Tomoko Matsumoto,et al.  A Modified Thrombin Generation Analysis to Measure the Plasma Coagulation Potency in the Presence of Anti-FIXa/FX Bispecific Antibody, Emicizumab , 2018, Blood.

[5]  J. Antovic,et al.  Combined Effect of By-Pass Agents and a Sequence Identical Analogue of Emicizumab on Fibrin Clot Turbidity and Structure in Factor VIII Deficient Plasma , 2018, Blood.

[6]  P. Kuebler,et al.  Immunogenicity of Emicizumab in People with Hemophilia A (PwHA): Results from the HAVEN 1-4 Studies , 2018, Blood.

[7]  A. Ishiguro,et al.  Every 2 Weeks or Every 4 Weeks Subcutaneous Injection of Emicizumab in Pediatric Patients with Severe Hemophilia A without Inhibitors: A Multi-Center, Open-Label Study in Japan (HOHOEMI Study) , 2018, Blood.

[8]  W. Sperr,et al.  Emicizumab for the Treatment of Acquired Hemophilia_A: Lessons Learned from 4 Very Different Cases , 2018, Blood.

[9]  K. Nogami,et al.  Assessment of Emicizumab-Driven Clot Stability in Hemophilia a Model , 2018, Blood.

[10]  S. Meeks,et al.  The Atlanta Protocol: Immune Tolerance Induction in Pediatric Patients with Hemophilia a and Inhibitors on Emicizumab , 2018, Blood.

[11]  A. Schmaier,et al.  A Novel Point-of-Care Whole Blood Coagulation Assay to Monitor Emicizumab Therapy in Patients with Hemophilia , 2018, Blood.

[12]  S. Corman,et al.  Model of the Impact of Delayed Inhibitor Development on Cumulative Breakthrough Bleeds and Costs in Persons with Hemophilia A Receiving Emicizumab Prophylaxis , 2018, Blood.

[13]  J. Oldenburg,et al.  Emicizumab Prophylaxis Provides Flexible and Effective Bleed Control in Children with Hemophilia Α with Inhibitors: Results from the HAVEN 2 Study , 2018, Blood.

[14]  S. Meeks,et al.  Maintaining Perioperative Hemostasis in Patients with Severe Hemophilia A and Inhibitors Receiving Emicizumab Prophylaxis , 2018, Blood.

[15]  D. Kudrow,et al.  A phase 3, long-term, open-label safety study of Galcanezumab in patients with migraine , 2018, BMC Neurology.

[16]  G. Young Implementing emicizumab in hemophilia inhibitor management: emicizumab should be prescribed after tolerance. , 2018, Blood advances.

[17]  C. Négrier,et al.  Emicizumab should be prescribed independent of immune tolerance induction. , 2018, Blood advances.

[18]  S. Pipe,et al.  Emicizumab for hemophilia A with factor VIII inhibitors , 2018, Expert review of hematology.

[19]  W. Gerner,et al.  Safety and immune responses after intradermal application of Porcilis PRRS in either the neck or the perianal region , 2018, PloS one.

[20]  J. Oldenburg,et al.  Emicizumab Prophylaxis in Patients Who Have Hemophilia A without Inhibitors , 2018, The New England journal of medicine.

[21]  K. Nogami,et al.  Emicizumab‐mediated haemostatic function in patients with haemophilia A is down‐regulated by activated protein C through inactivation of activated factor V , 2018, British journal of haematology.

[22]  L. Valentino,et al.  In vitro studies show synergistic effects of a procoagulant bispecific antibody and bypassing agents , 2018, Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH.

[23]  K. Nogami,et al.  Routine measurements of factor VIII activity and inhibitor titer in the presence of emicizumab utilizing anti‐idiotype monoclonal antibodies , 2018, Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH.

[24]  Tomoko Matsumoto,et al.  Modified clot waveform analysis to measure plasma coagulation potential in the presence of the anti‐factor IXa/factor X bispecific antibody emicizumab , 2018, Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH.

[25]  P. Mannucci Miracle of haemophilia drugs: Personal views about a few main players , 2018, Haemophilia : the official journal of the World Federation of Hemophilia.

[26]  M. Makris,et al.  Treatment of bleeding episodes in haemophilia A complicated by a factor VIII inhibitor in patients receiving Emicizumab. Interim guidance from UKHCDO Inhibitor Working Party and Executive Committee , 2018, Haemophilia : the official journal of the World Federation of Hemophilia.

[27]  J. Mahlangu,et al.  Emerging therapies for haemophilia ‐ Global perspective , 2018, Haemophilia : the official journal of the World Federation of Hemophilia.

[28]  K. Nogami,et al.  The factor VIII heavy chain improves emicizumab-tenase assembly to enhance the factor VIII-mimicking cofactor activity. , 2018, Thrombosis research.

[29]  J. Oldenburg,et al.  Surgical Experience in Two Multicenter, Open-Label Phase 3 Studies of Emicizumab in Persons with Hemophilia A with Inhibitors (HAVEN 1 and HAVEN 2) , 2017 .

[30]  J. Oldenburg,et al.  HAVEN 2 Updated Analysis: Multicenter, Open-Label, Phase 3 Study to Evaluate Efficacy, Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Subcutaneous Administration of Emicizumab Prophylaxis in Pediatric Patients with Hemophilia A with Inhibitors , 2017 .

[31]  O. Christophe,et al.  Emicizumab, a bispecific antibody recognizing coagulation factors IX and X: how does it actually compare to factor VIII? , 2017, Blood.

[32]  J. Oldenburg,et al.  Emicizumab Prophylaxis in Hemophilia A with Inhibitors , 2017, The New England journal of medicine.

[33]  A. Akinc,et al.  Targeting of Antithrombin in Hemophilia A or B with RNAi Therapy , 2017, The New England journal of medicine.

[34]  J. Oldenburg,et al.  Haemophilia patients’ unmet needs and their expectations of the new extended half‐life factor concentrates , 2017, Haemophilia : the official journal of the World Federation of Hemophilia.

[35]  A. Chuansumrit,et al.  Episodic replacement of clotting factor concentrates does not prevent bleeding or musculoskeletal damage – the MUSFIH study , 2017, Haemophilia : the official journal of the World Federation of Hemophilia.

[36]  K. Nogami,et al.  Factor VIIIa-mimetic cofactor activity of a bispecific antibody to factors IX/IXa and X/Xa, emicizumab, depends on its ability to bridge the antigens , 2017, Thrombosis and Haemostasis.

[37]  Sunil V. Rao,et al.  Bleeding and Mortality With Dual Antiplatelet Therapy: The Rashomon Effect. , 2017, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[38]  K. Wyrwich,et al.  Changes in health‐related quality of life with treatment of longer‐acting clotting factors: results in the A‐LONG and B‐LONG clinical studies , 2016, Haemophilia : the official journal of the World Federation of Hemophilia.

[39]  E. Rodríguez‐Merchán Musculo-skeletal manifestations of haemophilia. , 2016, Blood reviews.

[40]  J. Mahlangu,et al.  TRUST trial: BAY 86‐6150 use in haemophilia with inhibitors and assessment for immunogenicity , 2016, Haemophilia : the official journal of the World Federation of Hemophilia.

[41]  E. Santagostino,et al.  Efficacy and safety of rVIII-SingleChain: results of a phase 1/3 multicenter clinical trial in severe hemophilia A. , 2016, Blood.

[42]  J. Oldenburg,et al.  Long-acting recombinant factor VIII Fc fusion protein (rFVIIIFc) for perioperative haemostatic management in severe haemophilia A , 2016, Thrombosis and Haemostasis.

[43]  J. Mahlangu,et al.  Extended half‐life clotting factor concentrates: results from published clinical trials , 2016, Haemophilia : the official journal of the World Federation of Hemophilia.

[44]  L. Valentino,et al.  Orthopedic disorders of the knee in hemophilia: A current concept review. , 2016, World journal of orthopedics.

[45]  Tetsuji Sato,et al.  Factor VIII-Mimetic Function of Humanized Bispecific Antibody in Hemophilia A. , 2016, The New England journal of medicine.

[46]  E. Berntorp,et al.  Prophylaxis for Hemophilia in the Era of Extended Half-Life Factor VIII/Factor IX Products , 2016, Seminars in Thrombosis & Hemostasis.

[47]  K. Yoneyama,et al.  A first-in-human phase 1 study of ACE910, a novel factor VIII-mimetic bispecific antibody, in healthy subjects. , 2016, Blood.

[48]  P. Monahan Emerging genetic and pharmacologic therapies for controlling hemostasis: beyond recombinant clotting factors. , 2015, Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program.

[49]  E. Santagostino,et al.  Optimising musculoskeletal care for patients with haemophilia , 2015, European journal of haematology.

[50]  C. Witmer Low mortality from intracranial haemorrhage in paediatric patients with haemophilia , 2015, Haemophilia : the official journal of the World Federation of Hemophilia.

[51]  S. Lethagen,et al.  Safety and pharmacokinetics of anti‐TFPI antibody (concizumab) in healthy volunteers and patients with hemophilia: a randomized first human dose trial , 2015, Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH.

[52]  J. Astermark,et al.  Genetic risk factors for inhibitors in haemophilia A , 2015, European journal of haematology.

[53]  T. Igawa,et al.  Non–antigen-contacting region of an asymmetric bispecific antibody to factors IXa/X significantly affects factor VIII-mimetic activity , 2014, mAbs.

[54]  Won Chan Lee,et al.  Impact of haemophilia with inhibitors on caregiver burden in the United States , 2014, Haemophilia : the official journal of the World Federation of Hemophilia.

[55]  M. Carcao Changing paradigm of prophylaxis with longer acting factor concentrates , 2014, Haemophilia : the official journal of the World Federation of Hemophilia.

[56]  J. Dumont,et al.  Phase 3 study of recombinant factor VIII Fc fusion protein in severe hemophilia A. , 2014, Blood.

[57]  R. Kaufman,et al.  Molecular approaches for improved clotting factors for hemophilia. , 2013, Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program.

[58]  A. I. Vorobiev,et al.  Blood Clotting Factor VIII: From Evolution to Therapy , 2013, Acta naturae.

[59]  J. Mahlangu,et al.  Guidelines for the management of hemophilia , 2013, Haemophilia : the official journal of the World Federation of Hemophilia.

[60]  T. Kennedy-Martin,et al.  A systematic review of the cost‐effectiveness of rFVIIa and APCC in the treatment of minor/moderate bleeding episodes for haemophilia patients with inhibitors , 2009, Haemophilia : the official journal of the World Federation of Hemophilia.

[61]  F. Rosendaal,et al.  Mortality and causes of death in patients with hemophilia, 1992–2001: a prospective cohort study 1 , 2006, Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH.

[62]  K. Fischer,et al.  Changes in treatment strategies for severe haemophilia over the last 3 decades: effects on clotting factor consumption and arthropathy , 2001, Haemophilia : the official journal of the World Federation of Hemophilia.

[63]  F. Rosendaal,et al.  Definitions in Hemophilia , 2001, Thrombosis and Haemostasis.

[64]  F. Dorner,et al.  Recent advances in the understanding of the molecular biology of hemophilia A: possible implications towards a more effective therapeutic regime. , 1999, Wiener klinische Wochenschrift.

[65]  W. G. Aken,et al.  Availability of clotting factor concentrates in genetically engineered form. , 1998 .

[66]  A. J. Stewart,et al.  Safety, efficacy and cost-effectiveness of home therapy with recombinant activated factor VII in a patient with severe haemophilia A and an anti-factor VIII inhibitor. , 1998, Blood coagulation & fibrinolysis : an international journal in haemostasis and thrombosis.

[67]  W. van Aken Availability of clotting factor concentrates in genetically engineered form. , 1998, Transfusion science.

[68]  P. Mannucci,et al.  The choice of plasma-derived clotting factor concentrates. , 1996, Bailliere's clinical haematology.

[69]  E. Beutner,et al.  Report of a WHO Scientific Group (Part 3 of 3) , 1973 .